<pre><code>go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone</code></pre>
<p>and this will build the binary in <code>$GOPATH/bin</code>. If you have built rclone before then you will want to update its dependencies first with this</p>
<pre><code>go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone/...</code></pre>
<p>First, you'll need to configure rclone. As the object storage systems have quite complicated authentication these are kept in a config file. (See the <code>--config</code> entry for how to find the config file and choose its location.)</p>
<p>Source and destination paths are specified by the name you gave the storage system in the config file then the sub path, eg "drive:myfolder" to look at "myfolder" in Google drive.</p>
<p>You can define as many storage paths as you like in the config file.</p>
<p><code>rclone config</code> enters an interactive configuration sessions where you can setup new remotes and manage existing ones. You may also set or remove a password to protect your configuration.</p>
<p>Additional functions:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>rclone config edit</code>– same as above</li>
<li><code>rclone config file</code>– show path of configuration file in use</li>
<p>Copy the source to the destination. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Doesn't delete files from the destination.</p>
<p>Note that it is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents.</p>
<p>If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents go there.</p>
<p>Let's say there are two files in sourcepath</p>
<pre><code>sourcepath/one.txt
sourcepath/two.txt</code></pre>
<p>This copies them to</p>
<pre><code>destpath/one.txt
destpath/two.txt</code></pre>
<p>Not to</p>
<pre><code>destpath/sourcepath/one.txt
destpath/sourcepath/two.txt</code></pre>
<p>If you are familiar with <code>rsync</code>, rclone always works as if you had written a trailing / - meaning "copy the contents of this directory". This applies to all commands and whether you are talking about the source or destination.</p>
<p>Sync the source to the destination, changing the destination only. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Destination is updated to match source, including deleting files if necessary.</p>
<p><strong>Important</strong>: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the <code>--dry-run</code> flag to see exactly what would be copied and deleted.</p>
<p>Note that files in the destination won't be deleted if there were any errors at any point.</p>
<p>It is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents. See extended explanation in the <code>copy</code> command above if unsure.</p>
<p>If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents go there.</p>
<p>Moves the contents of the source directory to the destination directory. Rclone will error if the source and destination overlap and the remote does not support a server side directory move operation.</p>
<p>If no filters are in use and if possible this will server side move <code>source:path</code> into <code>dest:path</code>. After this <code>source:path</code> will no longer longer exist.</p>
<p>Otherwise for each file in <code>source:path</code> selected by the filters (if any) this will move it into <code>dest:path</code>. If possible a server side move will be used, otherwise it will copy it (server side if possible) into <code>dest:path</code> then delete the original (if no errors on copy) in <code>source:path</code>.</p>
<p>Remove the path and all of its contents. Note that this does not obey include/exclude filters - everything will be removed. Use <code>delete</code> if you want to selectively delete files.</p>
<p>Checks the files in the source and destination match. It compares sizes and hashes (MD5 or SHA1) and logs a report of files which don't match. It doesn't alter the source or destination.</p>
<p>If you supply the --size-only flag, it will only compare the sizes not the hashes as well. Use this for a quick check.</p>
<p>If you supply the --download flag, it will download the data from both remotes and check them against each other on the fly. This can be useful for remotes that don't support hashes or if you really want to check all the data.</p>
<p>By default <code>dedupe</code> interactively finds duplicate files and offers to delete all but one or rename them to be different. Only useful with Google Drive which can have duplicate file names.</p>
<p>In the first pass it will merge directories with the same name. It will do this iteratively until all the identical directories have been merged.</p>
<p>The <code>dedupe</code> command will delete all but one of any identical (same md5sum) files it finds without confirmation. This means that for most duplicated files the <code>dedupe</code> command will not be interactive. You can use <code>--dry-run</code> to see what would happen without doing anything.</p>
<p>Use the --head flag to print characters only at the start, --tail for the end and --offset and --count to print a section in the middle. Note that if offset is negative it will count from the end, so --offset -1 --count 1 is equivalent to --tail 1.</p>
<p>Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied</p>
<h3id="synopsis-20">Synopsis</h3>
<p>If source:path is a file or directory then it copies it to a file or directory named dest:path.</p>
<p>This can be used to upload single files to other than their current name. If the source is a directory then it acts exactly like the copy command.</p>
<p>So</p>
<pre><code>rclone copyto src dst</code></pre>
<p>where src and dst are rclone paths, either remote:path or /path/to/local or C:.</p>
<p>This will:</p>
<pre><code>if src is file
copy it to dst, overwriting an existing file if it exists
if src is directory
copy it to dst, overwriting existing files if they exist
see copy command for full details</code></pre>
<p>This doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. It doesn't delete files from the destination.</p>
<p>rclone cryptcheck checks a remote against a crypted remote. This is the equivalent of running rclone check, but able to check the checksums of the crypted remote.</p>
<p>For it to work the underlying remote of the cryptedremote must support some kind of checksum.</p>
<p>It works by reading the nonce from each file on the cryptedremote: and using that to encrypt each file on the remote:. It then checks the checksum of the underlying file on the cryptedremote: against the checksum of the file it has just encrypted.</p>
<p>Produces a Dropbox hash file for all the objects in the path. The hashes are calculated according to <ahref="https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash">Dropbox content hash rules</a>. The output is in the same format as md5sum and sha1sum.</p>
<p>This produces markdown docs for the rclone commands to the directory supplied. These are in a format suitable for hugo to render into the rclone.org website.</p>
<p>When the program ends, either via Ctrl+C or receiving a SIGINT or SIGTERM signal, the mount is automatically stopped.</p>
<p>The umount operation can fail, for example when the mountpoint is busy. When that happens, it is the user's responsibility to stop the mount manually with</p>
<h3id="installing-on-windows">Installing on Windows</h3>
<p>To run rclone mount on Windows, you will need to download and install <ahref="http://www.secfs.net/winfsp/">WinFsp</a>.</p>
<p>WinFsp is an <ahref="https://github.com/billziss-gh/winfsp">open source</a> Windows File System Proxy which makes it easy to write user space file systems for Windows. It provides a FUSE emulation layer which rclone uses combination with <ahref="https://github.com/billziss-gh/cgofuse">cgofuse</a>. Both of these packages are by Bill Zissimopoulos who was very helpful during the implementation of rclone mount for Windows.</p>
<h4id="windows-caveats">Windows caveats</h4>
<p>Note that drives created as Administrator are not visible by other accounts (including the account that was elevated as Administrator). So if you start a Windows drive from an Administrative Command Prompt and then try to access the same drive from Explorer (which does not run as Administrator), you will not be able to see the new drive.</p>
<p>The easiest way around this is to start the drive from a normal command prompt. It is also possible to start a drive from the SYSTEM account (using <ahref="https://github.com/billziss-gh/winfsp/wiki/WinFsp-Service-Architecture">the WinFsp.Launcher infrastructure</a>) which creates drives accessible for everyone on the system.</p>
<p>This can only write files seqentially, it can only seek when reading. This means that many applications won't work with their files on an rclone mount.</p>
<p>The bucket based remotes (eg Swift, S3, Google Compute Storage, B2, Hubic) won't work from the root - you will need to specify a bucket, or a path within the bucket. So <code>swift:</code> won't work whereas <code>swift:bucket</code> will as will <code>swift:bucket/path</code>. None of these support the concept of directories, so empty directories will have a tendency to disappear once they fall out of the directory cache.</p>
<h3id="rclone-mount-vs-rclone-synccopy">rclone mount vs rclone sync/copy</h3>
<p>File systems expect things to be 100% reliable, whereas cloud storage systems are a long way from 100% reliable. The rclone sync/copy commands cope with this with lots of retries. However rclone mount can't use retries in the same way without making local copies of the uploads. This might happen in the future, but for the moment rclone mount won't do that, so will be less reliable than the rclone command.</p>
<p>Using the <code>--dir-cache-time</code> flag, you can set how long a directory should be considered up to date and not refreshed from the backend. Changes made locally in the mount may appear immediately or invalidate the cache. However, changes done on the remote will only be picked up once the cache expires.</p>
<p>Alternatively, you can send a <code>SIGHUP</code> signal to rclone for it to flush all directory caches, regardless of how old they are. Assuming only one rclone instance is running, you can reset the cache like this:</p>
--poll-interval duration Time to wait between polling for changes. Must be smaller than dir-cache-time. Only on supported remotes. Set to 0 to disable. (default 1m0s)
<p>If source:path is a file or directory then it moves it to a file or directory named dest:path.</p>
<p>This can be used to rename files or upload single files to other than their existing name. If the source is a directory then it acts exacty like the move command.</p>
<p>So</p>
<pre><code>rclone moveto src dst</code></pre>
<p>where src and dst are rclone paths, either remote:path or /path/to/local or C:.</p>
<p>This will:</p>
<pre><code>if src is file
move it to dst, overwriting an existing file if it exists
if src is directory
move it to dst, overwriting existing files if they exist
see move command for full details</code></pre>
<p>This doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. src will be deleted on successful transfer.</p>
<p><strong>Important</strong>: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run flag.</p>
<p>This displays a text based user interface allowing the navigation of a remote. It is most useful for answering the question - "What is using all my disk space?".</p>
<p>To make the user interface it first scans the entire remote given and builds an in memory representation. rclone ncdu can be used during this scanning phase and you will see it building up the directory structure as it goes along.</p>
<p>Here are the keys - press '?' to toggle the help on and off</p>
<pre><code> ↑,↓ or k,j to Move
→,l to enter
←,h to return
c toggle counts
g toggle graph
n,s,C sort by name,size,count
? to toggle help on and off
q/ESC/c-C to quit</code></pre>
<p>This an homage to the <ahref="https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu">ncdu tool</a> but for rclone remotes. It is missing lots of features at the moment, most importantly deleting files, but is useful as it stands.</p>
<p>If the remote file already exists, it will be overwritten.</p>
<p>rcat will try to upload small files in a single request, which is usually more efficient than the streaming/chunked upload endpoints, which use multiple requests. Exact behaviour depends on the remote. What is considered a small file may be set through <code>--streaming-upload-cutoff</code>. Uploading only starts after the cutoff is reached or if the file ends before that. The data must fit into RAM. The cutoff needs to be small enough to adhere the limits of your remote, please see there. Generally speaking, setting this cutoff too high will decrease your performance.</p>
<p>Note that the upload can also not be retried because the data is not kept around until the upload succeeds. If you need to transfer a lot of data, you're better off caching locally and then <code>rclone move</code> it to the destination.</p>
<p>This removes any empty directories (or directories that only contain empty directories) under the path that it finds, including the path if it has nothing in.</p>
<p>This is useful for tidying up remotes that rclone has left a lot of empty directories in.</p>
<pre><code> -h, --help help for rmdirs</code></pre>
<h2id="rclone-tree">rclone tree</h2>
<p>List the contents of the remote in a tree like fashion.</p>
<h3id="synopsis-36">Synopsis</h3>
<p>rclone tree lists the contents of a remote in a similar way to the unix tree command.</p>
<p>For example</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone tree remote:path
/
├── file1
├── file2
├── file3
└── subdir
├── file4
└── file5
1 directories, 5 files</code></pre>
<p>You can use any of the filtering options with the tree command (eg --include and --exclude). You can also use --fast-list.</p>
<p>The tree command has many options for controlling the listing which are compatible with the tree command. Note that not all of them have short options as they conflict with rclone's short options.</p>
<pre><code>rclone tree remote:path [flags]</code></pre>
<h3id="options-36">Options</h3>
<pre><code> -a, --all All files are listed (list . files too).
-C, --color Turn colorization on always.
-d, --dirs-only List directories only.
--dirsfirst List directories before files (-U disables).
--full-path Print the full path prefix for each file.
-h, --help help for tree
--human Print the size in a more human readable way.
--level int Descend only level directories deep.
-D, --modtime Print the date of last modification.
-i, --noindent Don't print indentation lines.
--noreport Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing.
-o, --output string Output to file instead of stdout.
-p, --protections Print the protections for each file.
<p>rclone normally syncs or copies directories. However, if the source remote points to a file, rclone will just copy that file. The destination remote must point to a directory - rclone will give the error <code>Failed to create file system for "remote:file": is a file not a directory</code> if it isn't.</p>
<p>It is recommended to use <code>copy</code> when copying individual files, not <code>sync</code>. They have pretty much the same effect but <code>copy</code> will use a lot less memory.</p>
<h2id="quoting-and-the-shell">Quoting and the shell</h2>
<p>When you are typing commands to your computer you are using something called the command line shell. This interprets various characters in an OS specific way.</p>
<p>Here are some gotchas which may help users unfamiliar with the shell rules</p>
<h3id="linux-osx">Linux / OSX</h3>
<p>If your names have spaces or shell metacharacters (eg <code>*</code>, <code>?</code>, <code>$</code>, <code>'</code>, <code>"</code> etc) then you must quote them. Use single quotes <code>'</code> by default.</p>
<h2id="copying-files-or-directories-with-in-the-names">Copying files or directories with <code>:</code> in the names</h2>
<p>rclone uses <code>:</code> to mark a remote name. This is, however, a valid filename component in non-Windows OSes. The remote name parser will only search for a <code>:</code> up to the first <code>/</code> so if you need to act on a file or directory like this then use the full path starting with a <code>/</code>, or use <code>./</code> as a current directory prefix.</p>
<p>So to sync a directory called <code>sync:me</code> to a remote called <code>remote:</code> use</p>
<p>This means if you want to copy one folder to another then rclone won't download all the files and re-upload them; it will instruct the server to copy them in place.</p>
<p>Server side copies are used with <code>sync</code> and <code>copy</code> and will be identified in the log when using the <code>-v</code> flag. The <code>move</code> command may also use them if remote doesn't support server side move directly. This is done by issuing a server side copy then a delete which is much quicker than a download and re-upload.</p>
<p>Rclone has a number of options to control its behaviour.</p>
<p>Options which use TIME use the go time parser. A duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".</p>
<p>Options which use SIZE use kByte by default. However, a suffix of <code>b</code> for bytes, <code>k</code> for kBytes, <code>M</code> for MBytes and <code>G</code> for GBytes may be used. These are the binary units, eg 1, 2**10, 2**20, 2**30 respectively.</p>
<p>When using <code>sync</code>, <code>copy</code> or <code>move</code> any files which would have been overwritten or deleted are moved in their original hierarchy into this directory.</p>
<p>If <code>--suffix</code> is set, then the moved files will have the suffix added to them. If there is a file with the same path (after the suffix has been added) in DIR, then it will be overwritten.</p>
<p>The remote in use must support server side move or copy and you must use the same remote as the destination of the sync. The backup directory must not overlap the destination directory.</p>
<p>will sync <code>/path/to/local</code> to <code>remote:current</code>, but for any files which would have been updated or deleted will be stored in <code>remote:old</code>.</p>
<p>If running rclone from a script you might want to use today's date as the directory name passed to <code>--backup-dir</code> to store the old files, or you might want to pass <code>--suffix</code> with today's date.</p>
<p>Local address to bind to for outgoing connections. This can be an IPv4 address (1.2.3.4), an IPv6 address (1234::789A) or host name. If the host name doesn't resolve or resoves to more than one IP address it will give an error.</p>
<p>This option controls the bandwidth limit. Limits can be specified in two ways: As a single limit, or as a timetable.</p>
<p>Single limits last for the duration of the session. To use a single limit, specify the desired bandwidth in kBytes/s, or use a suffix b|k|M|G. The default is <code>0</code> which means to not limit bandwidth.</p>
<p>For example, to limit bandwidth usage to 10 MBytes/s use <code>--bwlimit 10M</code></p>
<p>It is also possible to specify a "timetable" of limits, which will cause certain limits to be applied at certain times. To specify a timetable, format your entries as "HH:MM,BANDWIDTH HH:MM,BANDWIDTH...".</p>
<p>In this example, the transfer bandwidth will be set to 512kBytes/sec at 8am. At noon, it will raise to 10Mbytes/s, and drop back to 512kBytes/sec at 1pm. At 6pm, the bandwidth limit will be set to 30MBytes/s, and at 11pm it will be completely disabled (full speed). Anything between 11pm and 8am will remain unlimited.</p>
<p>Note that the units are Bytes/s, not Bits/s. Typically connections are measured in Bits/s - to convert divide by 8. For example, let's say you have a 10 Mbit/s connection and you wish rclone to use half of it - 5 Mbit/s. This is 5/8 = 0.625MByte/s so you would use a <code>--bwlimit 0.625M</code> parameter for rclone.</p>
<p>On Unix systems (Linux, MacOS, …) the bandwidth limiter can be toggled by sending a <code>SIGUSR2</code> signal to rclone. This allows to remove the limitations of a long running rclone transfer and to restore it back to the value specified with <code>--bwlimit</code> quickly when needed. Assuming there is only one rclone instance running, you can toggle the limiter like this:</p>
<p>The number of checkers to run in parallel. Checkers do the equality checking of files during a sync. For some storage systems (eg S3, Swift, Dropbox) this can take a significant amount of time so they are run in parallel.</p>
<p>The default is to run 8 checkers in parallel.</p>
<h3id="c---checksum">-c, --checksum</h3>
<p>Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check the file hash and size to determine if files are equal.</p>
<p>This is useful when the remote doesn't support setting modified time and a more accurate sync is desired than just checking the file size.</p>
<p>This is very useful when transferring between remotes which store the same hash type on the object, eg Drive and Swift. For details of which remotes support which hash type see the table in the <ahref="https://rclone.org/overview/">overview section</a>.</p>
<p>Specify the location of the rclone config file.</p>
<p>Normally the config file is in your home directory as a file called <code>.config/rclone/rclone.conf</code> (or <code>.rclone.conf</code> if created with an older version). If <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code> is set it will be at <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/rclone/rclone.conf</code></p>
<p>If you run <code>rclone -h</code> and look at the help for the <code>--config</code> option you will see where the default location is for you.</p>
<p>Use this flag to override the config location, eg <code>rclone --config=".myconfig" .config</code>.</p>
<p>Set the connection timeout. This should be in go time format which looks like <code>5s</code> for 5 seconds, <code>10m</code> for 10 minutes, or <code>3h30m</code>.</p>
<p>The connection timeout is the amount of time rclone will wait for a connection to go through to a remote object storage system. It is <code>1m</code> by default.</p>
<p>Mode to run dedupe command in. One of <code>interactive</code>, <code>skip</code>, <code>first</code>, <code>newest</code>, <code>oldest</code>, <code>rename</code>. The default is <code>interactive</code>. See the dedupe command for more information as to what these options mean.</p>
<p>This disables a comma separated list of optional features. For example to disable server side move and server side copy use:</p>
<pre><code>--disable move,copy</code></pre>
<p>The features can be put in in any case.</p>
<p>To see a list of which features can be disabled use:</p>
<pre><code>--disable help</code></pre>
<p>See the overview <ahref="/overview/#features">features</a> and <ahref="/overview/#optional-features">optional features</a> to get an idea of which feature does what.</p>
<p>This flag can be useful for debugging and in exceptional circumstances (eg Google Drive limiting the total volume of Server Side Copies to 100GB/day).</p>
<p>Do a trial run with no permanent changes. Use this to see what rclone would do without actually doing it. Useful when setting up the <code>sync</code> command which deletes files in the destination.</p>
<p>Normally rclone will check that the checksums of transferred files match, and give an error "corrupted on transfer" if they don't.</p>
<p>You can use this option to skip that check. You should only use it if you have had the "corrupted on transfer" error message and you are sure you might want to transfer potentially corrupted data.</p>
<p>Using this option will make rclone unconditionally skip all files that exist on the destination, no matter the content of these files.</p>
<p>While this isn't a generally recommended option, it can be useful in cases where your files change due to encryption. However, it cannot correct partial transfers in case a transfer was interrupted.</p>
<p>Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the modification time. If <code>--checksum</code> is set then it only checks the checksum.</p>
<p>It will also cause rclone to skip verifying the sizes are the same after transfer.</p>
<p>This can be useful for transferring files to and from OneDrive which occasionally misreports the size of image files (see <ahref="https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/399">#399</a> for more info).</p>
<p>Using this option will cause rclone to unconditionally upload all files regardless of the state of files on the destination.</p>
<p>Normally rclone would skip any files that have the same modification time and are the same size (or have the same checksum if using <code>--checksum</code>).</p>
<p>Treat source and destination files as immutable and disallow modification.</p>
<p>With this option set, files will be created and deleted as requested, but existing files will never be updated. If an existing file does not match between the source and destination, rclone will give the error <code>Source and destination exist but do not match: immutable file modified</code>.</p>
<p>Note that only commands which transfer files (e.g. <code>sync</code>, <code>copy</code>, <code>move</code>) are affected by this behavior, and only modification is disallowed. Files may still be deleted explicitly (e.g. <code>delete</code>, <code>purge</code>) or implicitly (e.g. <code>sync</code>, <code>move</code>). Use <code>copy --immutable</code> if it is desired to avoid deletion as well as modification.</p>
<p>This can be useful as an additional layer of protection for immutable or append-only data sets (notably backup archives), where modification implies corruption and should not be propagated.</p>
<p>Log all of rclone's output to FILE. This is not active by default. This can be useful for tracking down problems with syncs in combination with the <code>-v</code> flag. See the <ahref="#logging">Logging section</a> for more info.</p>
<p>This sets the log level for rclone. The default log level is <code>INFO</code>.</p>
<p><code>DEBUG</code> is equivalent to <code>-vv</code>. It outputs lots of debug info - useful for bug reports and really finding out what rclone is doing.</p>
<p><code>INFO</code> is equivalent to <code>-v</code>. It outputs information about each transfer and prints stats once a minute by default.</p>
<p><code>NOTICE</code> is the default log level if no logging flags are supplied. It outputs very little when things are working normally. It outputs warnings and significant events.</p>
<p>This controls the number of low level retries rclone does.</p>
<p>A low level retry is used to retry a failing operation - typically one HTTP request. This might be uploading a chunk of a big file for example. You will see low level retries in the log with the <code>-v</code> flag.</p>
<p>This shouldn't need to be changed from the default in normal operations. However, if you get a lot of low level retries you may wish to reduce the value so rclone moves on to a high level retry (see the <code>--retries</code> flag) quicker.</p>
<p>This modifies the recursion depth for all the commands except purge.</p>
<p>So if you do <code>rclone --max-depth 1 ls remote:path</code> you will see only the files in the top level directory. Using <code>--max-depth 2</code> means you will see all the files in first two directory levels and so on.</p>
<p>For historical reasons the <code>lsd</code> command defaults to using a <code>--max-depth</code> of 1 - you can override this with the command line flag.</p>
<p>You can use this command to disable recursion (with <code>--max-depth 1</code>).</p>
<p>Note that if you use this with <code>sync</code> and <code>--delete-excluded</code> the files not recursed through are considered excluded and will be deleted on the destination. Test first with <code>--dry-run</code> if you are not sure what will happen.</p>
<p>When checking whether a file has been modified, this is the maximum allowed time difference that a file can have and still be considered equivalent.</p>
<p>The default is <code>1ns</code> unless this is overridden by a remote. For example OS X only stores modification times to the nearest second so if you are reading and writing to an OS X filing system this will be <code>1s</code> by default.</p>
<p>This command line flag allows you to override that computed default.</p>
<p>Don't set <code>Accept-Encoding: gzip</code>. This means that rclone won't ask the server for compressed files automatically. Useful if you've set the server to return files with <code>Content-Encoding: gzip</code> but you uploaded compressed files.</p>
<p>There is no need to set this in normal operation, and doing so will decrease the network transfer efficiency of rclone.</p>
<p>Disable retries with <code>--retries 1</code>.</p>
<h3id="size-only">--size-only</h3>
<p>Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the size.</p>
<p>This can be useful transferring files from Dropbox which have been modified by the desktop sync client which doesn't set checksums of modification times in the same way as rclone.</p>
<p>Commands which transfer data (<code>sync</code>, <code>copy</code>, <code>copyto</code>, <code>move</code>, <code>moveto</code>) will print data transfer stats at regular intervals to show their progress.</p>
<p>If you set the stats interval then all commands can show stats. This can be useful when running other commands, <code>check</code> or <code>mount</code> for example.</p>
<p>Stats are logged at <code>INFO</code> level by default which means they won't show at default log level <code>NOTICE</code>. Use <code>--stats-log-level NOTICE</code> or <code>-v</code> to make them show. See the <ahref="#logging">Logging section</a> for more info on log levels.</p>
<p>Log level to show <code>--stats</code> output at. This can be <code>DEBUG</code>, <code>INFO</code>, <code>NOTICE</code>, or <code>ERROR</code>. The default is <code>INFO</code>. This means at the default level of logging which is <code>NOTICE</code> the stats won't show - if you want them to then use <code>-stats-log-level NOTICE</code>. See the <ahref="#logging">Logging section</a> for more info on log levels.</p>
<p>This is for use with <code>--backup-dir</code> only. If this isn't set then <code>--backup-dir</code> will move files with their original name. If it is set then the files will have SUFFIX added on to them.</p>
<p>See <code>--backup-dir</code> for more info.</p>
<h3id="syslog">--syslog</h3>
<p>On capable OSes (not Windows or Plan9) send all log output to syslog.</p>
<p>If using <code>--syslog</code> this sets the syslog facility (eg <code>KERN</code>, <code>USER</code>). See <code>man syslog</code> for a list of possible facilities. The default facility is <code>DAEMON</code>.</p>
<p>Limit HTTP transactions per second to this. Default is 0 which is used to mean unlimited transactions per second.</p>
<p>For example to limit rclone to 10 HTTP transactions per second use <code>--tpslimit 10</code>, or to 1 transaction every 2 seconds use <code>--tpslimit 0.5</code>.</p>
<p>Use this when the number of transactions per second from rclone is causing a problem with the cloud storage provider (eg getting you banned or rate limited).</p>
<p>This can be very useful for <code>rclone mount</code> to control the behaviour of applications using it.</p>
<p>Max burst of transactions for <code>--tpslimit</code>. (default 1)</p>
<p>Normally <code>--tpslimit</code> will do exactly the number of transaction per second specified. However if you supply <code>--tps-burst</code> then rclone can save up some transactions from when it was idle giving a burst of up to the parameter supplied.</p>
<p>For example if you provide <code>--tpslimit-burst 10</code> then if rclone has been idle for more than 10*<code>--tpslimit</code> then it can do 10 transactions very quickly before they are limited again.</p>
<p>This may be used to increase performance of <code>--tpslimit</code> without changing the long term average number of transactions per second.</p>
<p>By default, rclone doesn't keep track of renamed files, so if you rename a file locally then sync it to a remote, rclone will delete the old file on the remote and upload a new copy.</p>
<p>If you use this flag, and the remote supports server side copy or server side move, and the source and destination have a compatible hash, then this will track renames during <code>sync</code>, <code>copy</code>, and <code>move</code> operations and perform renaming server-side.</p>
<p>Files will be matched by size and hash - if both match then a rename will be considered.</p>
<p>If the destination does not support server-side copy or move, rclone will fall back to the default behaviour and log an error level message to the console.</p>
<p>Note that <code>--track-renames</code> is incompatible with <code>--no-traverse</code> and that it uses extra memory to keep track of all the rename candidates.</p>
<p>Note also that <code>--track-renames</code> is incompatible with <code>--delete-before</code> and will select <code>--delete-after</code> instead of <code>--delete-during</code>.</p>
<p>Specifying the value <code>--delete-before</code> will delete all files present on the destination, but not on the source <em>before</em> starting the transfer of any new or updated files. This uses two passes through the file systems, one for the deletions and one for the copies.</p>
<p>Specifying <code>--delete-during</code> will delete files while checking and uploading files. This is the fastest option and uses the least memory.</p>
<p>Specifying <code>--delete-after</code> (the default value) will delay deletion of files until all new/updated files have been successfully transferred. The files to be deleted are collected in the copy pass then deleted after the copy pass has completed successfully. The files to be deleted are held in memory so this mode may use more memory. This is the safest mode as it will only delete files if there have been no errors subsequent to that. If there have been errors before the deletions start then you will get the message <code>not deleting files as there were IO errors</code>.</p>
<h3id="fast-list">--fast-list</h3>
<p>When doing anything which involves a directory listing (eg <code>sync</code>, <code>copy</code>, <code>ls</code> - in fact nearly every command), rclone normally lists a directory and processes it before using more directory lists to process any subdirectories. This can be parallelised and works very quickly using the least amount of memory.</p>
<p>However, some remotes have a way of listing all files beneath a directory in one (or a small number) of transactions. These tend to be the bucket based remotes (eg S3, B2, GCS, Swift, Hubic).</p>
<p>If you use the <code>--fast-list</code> flag then rclone will use this method for listing directories. This will have the following consequences for the listing:</p>
<ul>
<li>It <strong>will</strong> use fewer transactions (important if you pay for them)</li>
<li>It <strong>will</strong> use more memory. Rclone has to load the whole listing into memory.</li>
<li>It <em>may</em> be faster because it uses fewer transactions</li>
<li>It <em>may</em> be slower because it can't be parallelized</li>
</ul>
<p>rclone should always give identical results with and without <code>--fast-list</code>.</p>
<p>If you pay for transactions and can fit your entire sync listing into memory then <code>--fast-list</code> is recommended. If you have a very big sync to do then don't use <code>--fast-list</code> otherwise you will run out of memory.</p>
<p>If you use <code>--fast-list</code> on a remote which doesn't support it, then rclone will just ignore it.</p>
<p>This sets the IO idle timeout. If a transfer has started but then becomes idle for this long it is considered broken and disconnected.</p>
<p>The default is <code>5m</code>. Set to 0 to disable.</p>
<h3id="transfersn">--transfers=N</h3>
<p>The number of file transfers to run in parallel. It can sometimes be useful to set this to a smaller number if the remote is giving a lot of timeouts or bigger if you have lots of bandwidth and a fast remote.</p>
<p>The default is to run 4 file transfers in parallel.</p>
<p>This forces rclone to skip any files which exist on the destination and have a modified time that is newer than the source file.</p>
<p>If an existing destination file has a modification time equal (within the computed modify window precision) to the source file's, it will be updated if the sizes are different.</p>
<p>On remotes which don't support mod time directly the time checked will be the uploaded time. This means that if uploading to one of these remotes, rclone will skip any files which exist on the destination and have an uploaded time that is newer than the modification time of the source file.</p>
<p>This can be useful when transferring to a remote which doesn't support mod times directly as it is more accurate than a <code>--size-only</code> check and faster than using <code>--checksum</code>.</p>
<p>With <code>-v</code> rclone will tell you about each file that is transferred and a small number of significant events.</p>
<p>With <code>-vv</code> rclone will become very verbose telling you about every file it considers and transfers. Please send bug reports with a log with this setting.</p>
<p>Your configuration file contains information for logging in to your cloud services. This means that you should keep your <code>.rclone.conf</code> file in a secure location.</p>
<p>If you are in an environment where that isn't possible, you can add a password to your configuration. This means that you will have to enter the password every time you start rclone.</p>
<p>To add a password to your rclone configuration, execute <code>rclone config</code>.</p>
<pre><code>>rclone config
Current remotes:
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/s/q></code></pre>
<p>Go into <code>s</code>, Set configuration password:</p>
<pre><code>e/n/d/s/q> s
Your configuration is not encrypted.
If you add a password, you will protect your login information to cloud services.
<p>Your configuration is now encrypted, and every time you start rclone you will now be asked for the password. In the same menu, you can change the password or completely remove encryption from your configuration.</p>
<p>rclone uses <ahref="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/crypto/nacl/secretbox">nacl secretbox</a> which in turn uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate your configuration with secret-key cryptography. The password is SHA-256 hashed, which produces the key for secretbox. The hashed password is not stored.</p>
<p>While this provides very good security, we do not recommend storing your encrypted rclone configuration in public if it contains sensitive information, maybe except if you use a very strong password.</p>
<p>If it is safe in your environment, you can set the <code>RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS</code> environment variable to contain your password, in which case it will be used for decrypting the configuration.</p>
<p>Then source the file when you want to use it. From the shell you would do <code>source set-rclone-password</code>. It will then ask you for the password and set it in the environment variable.</p>
<p>If you are running rclone inside a script, you might want to disable password prompts. To do that, pass the parameter <code>--ask-password=false</code> to rclone. This will make rclone fail instead of asking for a password if <code>RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS</code> doesn't contain a valid password.</p>
<p>These options are useful when developing or debugging rclone. There are also some more remote specific options which aren't documented here which are used for testing. These start with remote name eg <code>--drive-test-option</code> - see the docs for the remote in question.</p>
<h3id="cpuprofilefile">--cpuprofile=FILE</h3>
<p>Write CPU profile to file. This can be analysed with <code>go tool pprof</code>.</p>
<p>Dump HTTP headers - will contain sensitive info such as <code>Authorization:</code> headers - use <code>--dump-headers</code> to dump without <code>Authorization:</code> headers. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.</p>
<p>Dump HTTP headers with <code>Authorization:</code> lines removed. May still contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.</p>
<p>Use <code>--dump-auth</code> if you do want the <code>Authorization:</code> headers.</p>
<p><code>--no-check-certificate</code> controls whether a client verifies the server's certificate chain and host name. If <code>--no-check-certificate</code> is true, TLS accepts any certificate presented by the server and any host name in that certificate. In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.</p>
<p>This option defaults to <code>false</code>.</p>
<p><strong>This should be used only for testing.</strong></p>
<p>The <code>--no-traverse</code> flag controls whether the destination file system is traversed when using the <code>copy</code> or <code>move</code> commands. <code>--no-traverse</code> is not compatible with <code>sync</code> and will be ignored if you supply it with <code>sync</code>.</p>
<p>If you are only copying a small number of files and/or have a large number of files on the destination then <code>--no-traverse</code> will stop rclone listing the destination and save time.</p>
<p>However, if you are copying a large number of files, especially if you are doing a copy where lots of the files haven't changed and won't need copying then you shouldn't use <code>--no-traverse</code>.</p>
<p>It can also be used to reduce the memory usage of rclone when copying - <code>rclone --no-traverse copy src dst</code> won't load either the source or destination listings into memory so will use the minimum amount of memory.</p>
<p>By default, rclone logs to standard error. This means you can redirect standard error and still see the normal output of rclone commands (eg <code>rclone ls</code>).</p>
<p>By default, rclone will produce <code>Error</code> and <code>Notice</code> level messages.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>-v</code> flag, rclone will produce <code>Error</code>, <code>Notice</code> and <code>Info</code> messages.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>-vv</code> flag, rclone will produce <code>Error</code>, <code>Notice</code>, <code>Info</code> and <code>Debug</code> messages.</p>
<p>You can also control the log levels with the <code>--log-level</code> flag.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>--log-file=FILE</code> option, rclone will redirect <code>Error</code>, <code>Info</code> and <code>Debug</code> messages along with standard error to FILE.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>--syslog</code> flag then rclone will log to syslog and the <code>--syslog-facility</code> control which facility it uses.</p>
<p>Rclone prefixes all log messages with their level in capitals, eg INFO which makes it easy to grep the log file for different kinds of information.</p>
<p>If any errors occur during the command execution, rclone will exit with a non-zero exit code. This allows scripts to detect when rclone operations have failed.</p>
<p>During the startup phase, rclone will exit immediately if an error is detected in the configuration. There will always be a log message immediately before exiting.</p>
<p>When rclone is running it will accumulate errors as it goes along, and only exit with a non-zero exit code if (after retries) there were still failed transfers. For every error counted there will be a high priority log message (visible with <code>-q</code>) showing the message and which file caused the problem. A high priority message is also shown when starting a retry so the user can see that any previous error messages may not be valid after the retry. If rclone has done a retry it will log a high priority message if the retry was successful.</p>
<p>To find the name of the environment variable, first, take the long option name, strip the leading <code>--</code>, change <code>-</code> to <code>_</code>, make upper case and prepend <code>RCLONE_</code>.</p>
<p>For example, to always set <code>--stats 5s</code>, set the environment variable <code>RCLONE_STATS=5s</code>. If you set stats on the command line this will override the environment variable setting.</p>
<p>Or to always use the trash in drive <code>--drive-use-trash</code>, set <code>RCLONE_DRIVE_USE_TRASH=true</code>.</p>
<p>The same parser is used for the options and the environment variables so they take exactly the same form.</p>
<h3id="config-file">Config file</h3>
<p>You can set defaults for values in the config file on an individual remote basis. If you want to use this feature, you will need to discover the name of the config items that you want. The easiest way is to run through <code>rclone config</code> by hand, then look in the config file to see what the values are (the config file can be found by looking at the help for <code>--config</code> in <code>rclone help</code>).</p>
<p>To find the name of the environment variable, you need to set, take <code>RCLONE_</code> + name of remote + <code>_</code> + name of config file option and make it all uppercase.</p>
<h1id="configuring-rclone-on-a-remote-headless-machine">Configuring rclone on a remote / headless machine</h1>
<p>Some of the configurations (those involving oauth2) require an Internet connected web browser.</p>
<p>If you are trying to set rclone up on a remote or headless box with no browser available on it (eg a NAS or a server in a datacenter) then you will need to use an alternative means of configuration. There are two ways of doing it, described below.</p>
<h2id="configuring-using-rclone-authorize">Configuring using rclone authorize</h2>
<p>On the headless box</p>
<pre><code>...
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has a web browser available.
<p>Now transfer it to the remote box (scp, cut paste, ftp, sftp etc) and place it in the correct place (use <code>rclone -h</code> on the remote box to find out where).</p>
<h1id="filtering-includes-and-excludes">Filtering, includes and excludes</h1>
<p>Rclone has a sophisticated set of include and exclude rules. Some of these are based on patterns and some on other things like file size.</p>
<p>The filters are applied for the <code>copy</code>, <code>sync</code>, <code>move</code>, <code>ls</code>, <code>lsl</code>, <code>md5sum</code>, <code>sha1sum</code>, <code>size</code>, <code>delete</code> and <code>check</code> operations. Note that <code>purge</code> does not obey the filters.</p>
<p>Each path as it passes through rclone is matched against the include and exclude rules like <code>--include</code>, <code>--exclude</code>, <code>--include-from</code>, <code>--exclude-from</code>, <code>--filter</code>, or <code>--filter-from</code>. The simplest way to try them out is using the <code>ls</code> command, or <code>--dry-run</code> together with <code>-v</code>.</p>
<p>If the pattern starts with a <code>/</code> then it only matches at the top level of the directory tree, <strong>relative to the root of the remote</strong> (not necessarily the root of the local drive). If it doesn't start with <code>/</code> then it is matched starting at the <strong>end of the path</strong>, but it will only match a complete path element:</p>
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "adir/file.jpg"</code></pre>
<p>A <code>?</code> matches any character except a slash <code>/</code>.</p>
<pre><code>l?ss - matches "less"
- matches "lass"
- doesn't match "floss"</code></pre>
<p>A <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> together make a a character class, such as <code>[a-z]</code> or <code>[aeiou]</code> or <code>[[:alpha:]]</code>. See the <ahref="https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/syntax/">go regexp docs</a> for more info on these.</p>
<pre><code>h[ae]llo - matches "hello"
- matches "hallo"
- doesn't match "hullo"</code></pre>
<p>A <code>{</code> and <code>}</code> define a choice between elements. It should contain a comma seperated list of patterns, any of which might match. These patterns can contain wildcards.</p>
<p>Note also that rclone filter globs can only be used in one of the filter command line flags, not in the specification of the remote, so <code>rclone copy "remote:dir*.jpg" /path/to/dir</code> won't work - what is required is <code>rclone --include "*.jpg" copy remote:dir /path/to/dir</code></p>
<h3id="directories">Directories</h3>
<p>Rclone keeps track of directories that could match any file patterns.</p>
<p>Directory matches are <strong>only</strong> used to optimise directory access patterns - you must still match the files that you want to match. Directory matches won't optimise anything on bucket based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2) which don't have a concept of directory.</p>
<p>Rclone maintains a combined list of include rules and exclude rules.</p>
<p>Each file is matched in order, starting from the top, against the rule in the list until it finds a match. The file is then included or excluded according to the rule type.</p>
<p>If the matcher fails to find a match after testing against all the entries in the list then the path is included.</p>
<p>A similar process is done on directory entries before recursing into them. This only works on remotes which have a concept of directory (Eg local, google drive, onedrive, amazon drive) and not on bucket based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2).</p>
<p>You can repeat the following options to add more than one rule of that type.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--include</code></li>
<li><code>--include-from</code></li>
<li><code>--exclude</code></li>
<li><code>--exclude-from</code></li>
<li><code>--filter</code></li>
<li><code>--filter-from</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Note that all the options of the same type are processed together in the order above, regardless of what order they were placed on the command line.</p>
<p>So all <code>--include</code> options are processed first in the order they appeared on the command line, then all <code>--include-from</code> options etc.</p>
<p>To mix up the order includes and excludes, the <code>--filter</code> flag can be used.</p>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>exclude-file.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># a sample exclude rule file
*.bak
file2.jpg</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--exclude-from exclude-file.txt</code>. This will sync all files except those ending in <code>bak</code> and <code>file2.jpg</code>.</p>
<p>This is useful if you have a lot of rules.</p>
<h3id="include---include-files-matching-pattern"><code>--include</code> - Include files matching pattern</h3>
<p>Add a single include rule with <code>--include</code>.</p>
<p>Eg <code>--include *.{png,jpg}</code> to include all <code>png</code> and <code>jpg</code> files in the backup and no others.</p>
<p>This adds an implicit <code>--exclude *</code> at the very end of the filter list. This means you can mix <code>--include</code> and <code>--include-from</code> with the other filters (eg <code>--exclude</code>) but you must include all the files you want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then you must use <code>--filter-from</code>.</p>
<h3id="include-from---read-include-patterns-from-file"><code>--include-from</code> - Read include patterns from file</h3>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>include-file.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># a sample include rule file
*.jpg
*.png
file2.avi</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--include-from include-file.txt</code>. This will sync all <code>jpg</code>, <code>png</code> files and <code>file2.avi</code>.</p>
<p>This is useful if you have a lot of rules.</p>
<p>This adds an implicit <code>--exclude *</code> at the very end of the filter list. This means you can mix <code>--include</code> and <code>--include-from</code> with the other filters (eg <code>--exclude</code>) but you must include all the files you want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then you must use <code>--filter-from</code>.</p>
<h3id="filter---add-a-file-filtering-rule"><code>--filter</code> - Add a file-filtering rule</h3>
<p>This can be used to add a single include or exclude rule. Include rules start with <code>+</code> and exclude rules start with <code>-</code>. A special rule called <code>!</code> can be used to clear the existing rules.</p>
<p>This example will include all <code>jpg</code> and <code>png</code> files, exclude any files matching <code>secret*.jpg</code> and include <code>file2.avi</code>. It will also include everything in the directory <code>dir</code> at the root of the sync, except <code>dir/Trash</code> which it will exclude. Everything else will be excluded from the sync.</p>
<h3id="files-from---read-list-of-source-file-names"><code>--files-from</code> - Read list of source-file names</h3>
<p>This reads a list of file names from the file passed in and <strong>only</strong> these files are transferred. The filtering rules are ignored completely if you use this option.</p>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>files-from.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># comment
file1.jpg
file2.jpg</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--files-from files-from.txt</code>. This will only transfer <code>file1.jpg</code> and <code>file2.jpg</code> providing they exist.</p>
<p>For example, let's say you had a few files you want to back up regularly with these absolute paths:</p>
<pre><code>/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff</code></pre>
<p>To copy these you'd find a common subdirectory - in this case <code>/home</code> and put the remaining files in <code>files-from.txt</code> with or without leading <code>/</code>, eg</p>
<pre><code>user1/important
user1/dir/file
user2/stuff</code></pre>
<p>You could then copy these to a remote like this</p>
<h3id="min-size---dont-transfer-any-file-smaller-than-this"><code>--min-size</code> - Don't transfer any file smaller than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the minimum size file which will be transferred. This defaults to <code>kBytes</code> but a suffix of <code>k</code>, <code>M</code>, or <code>G</code> can be used.</p>
<p>For example <code>--min-size 50k</code> means no files smaller than 50kByte will be transferred.</p>
<h3id="max-size---dont-transfer-any-file-larger-than-this"><code>--max-size</code> - Don't transfer any file larger than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the maximum size file which will be transferred. This defaults to <code>kBytes</code> but a suffix of <code>k</code>, <code>M</code>, or <code>G</code> can be used.</p>
<p>For example <code>--max-size 1G</code> means no files larger than 1GByte will be transferred.</p>
<h3id="max-age---dont-transfer-any-file-older-than-this"><code>--max-age</code> - Don't transfer any file older than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the maximum age of files to transfer. Give in seconds or with a suffix of:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>ms</code> - Milliseconds</li>
<li><code>s</code> - Seconds</li>
<li><code>m</code> - Minutes</li>
<li><code>h</code> - Hours</li>
<li><code>d</code> - Days</li>
<li><code>w</code> - Weeks</li>
<li><code>M</code> - Months</li>
<li><code>y</code> - Years</li>
</ul>
<p>For example <code>--max-age 2d</code> means no files older than 2 days will be transferred.</p>
<h3id="min-age---dont-transfer-any-file-younger-than-this"><code>--min-age</code> - Don't transfer any file younger than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the minimum age of files to transfer. Give in seconds or with a suffix (see <code>--max-age</code> for list of suffixes)</p>
<p>For example <code>--min-age 2d</code> means no files younger than 2 days will be transferred.</p>
<h3id="delete-excluded---delete-files-on-dest-excluded-from-sync"><code>--delete-excluded</code> - Delete files on dest excluded from sync</h3>
<p><strong>Important</strong> this flag is dangerous - use with <code>--dry-run</code> and <code>-v</code> first.</p>
<p>When doing <code>rclone sync</code> this will delete any files which are excluded from the sync on the destination.</p>
<p>If for example you did a sync from <code>A</code> to <code>B</code> without the <code>--min-size 50k</code> flag</p>
<pre><code>rclone sync A: B:</code></pre>
<p>Then you repeated it like this with the <code>--delete-excluded</code></p>
<p>The examples above may not work verbatim in your shell as they have shell metacharacters in them (eg <code>*</code>), and may require quoting.</p>
<p>Eg linux, OSX</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--include \*.jpg</code></li>
<li><code>--include '*.jpg'</code></li>
<li><code>--include='*.jpg'</code></li>
</ul>
<p>In Windows the expansion is done by the command not the shell so this should work fine</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--include *.jpg</code></li>
</ul>
<h1id="overview-of-cloud-storage-systems">Overview of cloud storage systems</h1>
<p>Each cloud storage system is slighly different. Rclone attempts to provide a unified interface to them, but some underlying differences show through.</p>
<h2id="features">Features</h2>
<p>Here is an overview of the major features of each cloud storage system.</p>
<p>The cloud storage system supports various hash types of the objects. The hashes are used when transferring data as an integrity check and can be specifically used with the <code>--checksum</code> flag in syncs and in the <code>check</code> command.</p>
<p>To use the verify checksums when transferring between cloud storage systems they must support a common hash type.</p>
<p>† Note that Dropbox supports <ahref="https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash">its own custom hash</a>. This is an SHA256 sum of all the 4MB block SHA256s.</p>
<p>‡ SFTP supports checksums if the same login has shell access and <code>md5sum</code> or <code>sha1sum</code> as well as <code>echo</code> are in the remote's PATH.</p>
<p>The cloud storage system supports setting modification times on objects. If it does then this enables a using the modification times as part of the sync. If not then only the size will be checked by default, though the MD5SUM can be checked with the <code>--checksum</code> flag.</p>
<p>All cloud storage systems support some kind of date on the object and these will be set when transferring from the cloud storage system.</p>
<h3id="case-insensitive">Case Insensitive</h3>
<p>If a cloud storage systems is case sensitive then it is possible to have two files which differ only in case, eg <code>file.txt</code> and <code>FILE.txt</code>. If a cloud storage system is case insensitive then that isn't possible.</p>
<p>This can cause problems when syncing between a case insensitive system and a case sensitive system. The symptom of this is that no matter how many times you run the sync it never completes fully.</p>
<p>MIME types (also known as media types) classify types of documents using a simple text classification, eg <code>text/html</code> or <code>application/pdf</code>.</p>
<p>Some cloud storage systems support reading (<code>R</code>) the MIME type of objects and some support writing (<code>W</code>) the MIME type of objects.</p>
<p>The MIME type can be important if you are serving files directly to HTTP from the storage system.</p>
<p>If you are copying from a remote which supports reading (<code>R</code>) to a remote which supports writing (<code>W</code>) then rclone will preserve the MIME types. Otherwise they will be guessed from the extension, or the remote itself may assign the MIME type.</p>
<h2id="optional-features">Optional Features</h2>
<p>All the remotes support a basic set of features, but there are some optional features supported by some remotes used to make some operations more efficient.</p>
<p>This deletes a directory quicker than just deleting all the files in the directory.</p>
<p>† Note Swift and Hubic implement this in order to delete directory markers but they don't actually have a quicker way of deleting files other than deleting them individually.</p>
<h3id="copy">Copy</h3>
<p>Used when copying an object to and from the same remote. This known as a server side copy so you can copy a file without downloading it and uploading it again. It is used if you use <code>rclone copy</code> or <code>rclone move</code> if the remote doesn't support <code>Move</code> directly.</p>
<p>If the server doesn't support <code>Copy</code> directly then for copy operations the file is downloaded then re-uploaded.</p>
<h3id="move">Move</h3>
<p>Used when moving/renaming an object on the same remote. This is known as a server side move of a file. This is used in <code>rclone move</code> if the server doesn't support <code>DirMove</code>.</p>
<p>If the server isn't capable of <code>Move</code> then rclone simulates it with <code>Copy</code> then delete. If the server doesn't support <code>Copy</code> then rclone will download the file and re-upload it.</p>
<h3id="dirmove">DirMove</h3>
<p>This is used to implement <code>rclone move</code> to move a directory if possible. If it isn't then it will use <code>Move</code> on each file (which falls back to <code>Copy</code> then download and upload - see <code>Move</code> section).</p>
<h3id="cleanup">CleanUp</h3>
<p>This is used for emptying the trash for a remote by <code>rclone cleanup</code>.</p>
<p>If the server can't do <code>CleanUp</code> then <code>rclone cleanup</code> will return an error.</p>
<p>The remote supports a recursive list to list all the contents beneath a directory quickly. This enables the <code>--fast-list</code> flag to work. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<p>Some remotes allow files to be uploaded without knowing the file size in advance. This allows certain operations to work without spooling the file to local disk first, e.g. <code>rclone rcat</code>.</p>
<h2id="amazon-drive">Amazon Drive</h2>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:path</code></p>
<p>Paths may be as deep as required, eg <code>remote:directory/subdirectory</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for Amazon Drive involves getting a token from Amazon which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>The configuration process for Amazon Drive may involve using an <ahref="https://github.com/ncw/oauthproxy">oauth proxy</a>. This is used to keep the Amazon credentials out of the source code. The proxy runs in Google's very secure App Engine environment and doesn't store any credentials which pass through it.</p>
<p><strong>NB</strong> rclone doesn't not currently have its own Amazon Drive credentials (see <ahref="https://forum.rclone.org/t/rclone-has-been-banned-from-amazon-drive/">the forum</a> for why) so you will either need to have your own <code>client_id</code> and <code>client_secret</code> with Amazon Drive, or use a a third party ouath proxy in which case you will need to enter <code>client_id</code>, <code>client_secret</code>, <code>auth_url</code> and <code>token_url</code>.</p>
<p>Note also if you are not using Amazon's <code>auth_url</code> and <code>token_url</code>, (ie you filled in something for those) then if setting up on a remote machine you can only use the <ahref="https://rclone.org/remote_setup/#configuring-by-copying-the-config-file">copying the config method of configuration</a> - <code>rclone authorize</code> will not work.</p>
<p>See the <ahref="https://rclone.org/remote_setup/">remote setup docs</a> for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.</p>
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Amazon. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.</p>
<p>Once configured you can then use <code>rclone</code> like this,</p>
<p>List directories in top level of your Amazon Drive</p>
<p>Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash. Amazon don't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the trash, so you will have to do that with one of Amazon's apps or via the Amazon Drive website. As of November 17, 2016, files are automatically deleted by Amazon from the trash after 30 days.</p>
<h3id="using-with-non-.com-amazon-accounts">Using with non <code>.com</code> Amazon accounts</h3>
<p>Let's say you usually use <code>amazon.co.uk</code>. When you authenticate with rclone it will take you to an <code>amazon.com</code> page to log in. Your <code>amazon.co.uk</code> email and password should work here just fine.</p>
<p>Files this size or more will be downloaded via their <code>tempLink</code>. This is to work around a problem with Amazon Drive which blocks downloads of files bigger than about 10GB. The default for this is 9GB which shouldn't need to be changed.</p>
<p>To download files above this threshold, rclone requests a <code>tempLink</code> which downloads the file through a temporary URL directly from the underlying S3 storage.</p>
<p>Sometimes Amazon Drive gives an error when a file has been fully uploaded but the file appears anyway after a little while. This happens sometimes for files over 1GB in size and nearly every time for files bigger than 10GB. This parameter controls the time rclone waits for the file to appear.</p>
<p>The default value for this parameter is 3 minutes per GB, so by default it will wait 3 minutes for every GB uploaded to see if the file appears.</p>
<p>You can disable this feature by setting it to 0. This may cause conflict errors as rclone retries the failed upload but the file will most likely appear correctly eventually.</p>
<p>These values were determined empirically by observing lots of uploads of big files for a range of file sizes.</p>
<p>Upload with the <code>-v</code> flag to see more info about what rclone is doing in this situation.</p>
<p>Note that Amazon Drive is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".</p>
<p>Amazon Drive has rate limiting so you may notice errors in the sync (429 errors). rclone will automatically retry the sync up to 3 times by default (see <code>--retries</code> flag) which should hopefully work around this problem.</p>
<p>Amazon Drive has an internal limit of file sizes that can be uploaded to the service. This limit is not officially published, but all files larger than this will fail.</p>
<p>At the time of writing (Jan 2016) is in the area of 50GB per file. This means that larger files are likely to fail.</p>
<p>Unfortunately there is no way for rclone to see that this failure is because of file size, so it will retry the operation, as any other failure. To avoid this problem, use <code>--max-size 50000M</code> option to limit the maximum size of uploaded files. Note that <code>--max-size</code> does not split files into segments, it only ignores files over this size.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:bucket</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:bucket/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example of making an s3 configuration. First run</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process.</p>
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> access_key
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<p>The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as <code>X-Amz-Meta-Mtime</code> as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.</p>
<h3id="multipart-uploads">Multipart uploads</h3>
<p>rclone supports multipart uploads with S3 which means that it can upload files bigger than 5GB. Note that files uploaded with multipart upload don't have an MD5SUM.</p>
<h3id="buckets-and-regions">Buckets and Regions</h3>
<p>With Amazon S3 you can list buckets (<code>rclone lsd</code>) using any region, but you can only access the content of a bucket from the region it was created in. If you attempt to access a bucket from the wrong region, you will get an error, <code>incorrect region, the bucket is not in 'XXX' region</code>.</p>
<li>Running <code>rclone</code> on an EC2 instance with an IAM role</li>
</ul>
<p>If none of these option actually end up providing <code>rclone</code> with AWS credentials then S3 interaction will be non-authenticated (see below).</p>
<p>When using the <code>sync</code> subcommand of <code>rclone</code> the following minimum permissions are required to be available on the bucket being written to:</p>
<li>This is a policy that can be used when creating bucket. It assumes that <code>USER_NAME</code> has been created.</li>
<li>The Resource entry must include both resource ARNs, as one implies the bucket and the other implies the bucket's objects.</li>
</ol>
<p>For reference, <ahref="https://gist.github.com/ebridges/ebfc9042dd7c756cd101cfa807b7ae2b">here's an Ansible script</a> that will generate one or more buckets that will work with <code>rclone sync</code>.</p>
<p>You can transition objects to glacier storage using a <ahref="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/user-guide/create-lifecycle.html">lifecycle policy</a>. The bucket can still be synced or copied into normally, but if rclone tries to access the data you will see an error like below.</p>
<pre><code>2017/09/11 19:07:43 Failed to sync: failed to open source object: Object in GLACIER, restore first: path/to/file</code></pre>
<p>In this case you need to <ahref="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/user-guide/restore-archived-objects.html">restore</a> the object(s) in question before using rclone.</p>
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
* Enter AWS credentials in the next step
1) false
* Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
2) true
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id>
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
<p>You will be able to list and copy data but not upload it.</p>
<h3id="ceph">Ceph</h3>
<p>Ceph is an object storage system which presents an Amazon S3 interface.</p>
<p>To use rclone with ceph, you need to set the following parameters in the config.</p>
<pre><code>access_key_id = Whatever
secret_access_key = Whatever
endpoint = https://ceph.endpoint.goes.here/
region = other-v2-signature</code></pre>
<p>Note also that Ceph sometimes puts <code>/</code> in the passwords it gives users. If you read the secret access key using the command line tools you will get a JSON blob with the <code>/</code> escaped as <code>\/</code>. Make sure you only write <code>/</code> in the secret access key.</p>
<p>Eg the dump from Ceph looks something like this (irrelevant keys removed).</p>
<pre><code>{
"user_id": "xxx",
"display_name": "xxxx",
"keys": [
{
"user": "xxx",
"access_key": "xxxxxx",
"secret_key": "xxxxxx\/xxxx"
}
],
}</code></pre>
<p>Because this is a json dump, it is encoding the <code>/</code> as <code>\/</code>, so if you use the secret key as <code>xxxxxx/xxxx</code> it will work fine.</p>
<p><ahref="https://wasabi.com">Wasabi</a> is a cloud-based object storage service for a broad range of applications and use cases. Wasabi is designed for individuals and organizations that require a high-performance, reliable, and secure data storage infrastructure at minimal cost.</p>
<p>Wasabi provides an S3 interface which can be configured for use with rclone like this.</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> wasabi
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
[snip]
Storage> s3
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> YOURACCESSKEY
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> YOURSECRETACCESSKEY
Region to connect to.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
/ The default endpoint - a good choice if you are unsure.
1 | US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
| Leave location constraint empty.
\ "us-east-1"
[snip]
region> us-east-1
Endpoint for S3 API.
Leave blank if using AWS to use the default endpoint for the region.
Specify if using an S3 clone such as Ceph.
endpoint> s3.wasabisys.com
Location constraint - must be set to match the Region. Used when creating buckets only.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Empty for US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
\ ""
[snip]
location_constraint>
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. No one else has access rights (default).
\ "private"
[snip]
acl>
The server-side encryption algorithm used when storing this object in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / None
\ ""
2 / AES256
\ "AES256"
server_side_encryption>
The storage class to use when storing objects in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Default
\ ""
2 / Standard storage class
\ "STANDARD"
3 / Reduced redundancy storage class
\ "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY"
4 / Standard Infrequent Access storage class
\ "STANDARD_IA"
storage_class>
Remote config
--------------------
[wasabi]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = YOURACCESSKEY
secret_access_key = YOURSECRETACCESSKEY
region = us-east-1
endpoint = s3.wasabisys.com
location_constraint =
acl =
server_side_encryption =
storage_class =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y</code></pre>
<p>This will leave the config file looking like this.</p>
<pre><code>[wasabi]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = YOURACCESSKEY
secret_access_key = YOURSECRETACCESSKEY
region = us-east-1
endpoint = s3.wasabisys.com
location_constraint =
acl =
server_side_encryption =
storage_class = </code></pre>
<h2id="backblaze-b2">Backblaze B2</h2>
<p>B2 is <ahref="https://www.backblaze.com/b2/">Backblaze's cloud storage system</a>.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:bucket</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:bucket/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example of making a b2 configuration. First run</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process. You will need your account number (a short hex number) and key (a long hex number) which you can get from the b2 control panel.</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-1">Modified time</h3>
<p>The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as <code>X-Bz-Info-src_last_modified_millis</code> as milliseconds since 1970-01-01 in the Backblaze standard. Other tools should be able to use this as a modified time.</p>
<p>Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported except in the case of updating a modification time on an existing object. In this case the object will be uploaded again as B2 doesn't have an API method to set the modification time independent of doing an upload.</p>
<h3id="sha1-checksums">SHA1 checksums</h3>
<p>The SHA1 checksums of the files are checked on upload and download and will be used in the syncing process.</p>
<p>Large files which are uploaded in chunks will store their SHA1 on the object as <code>X-Bz-Info-large_file_sha1</code> as recommended by Backblaze.</p>
<h3id="transfers">Transfers</h3>
<p>Backblaze recommends that you do lots of transfers simultaneously for maximum speed. In tests from my SSD equiped laptop the optimum setting is about <code>--transfers 32</code> though higher numbers may be used for a slight speed improvement. The optimum number for you may vary depending on your hardware, how big the files are, how much you want to load your computer, etc. The default of <code>--transfers 4</code> is definitely too low for Backblaze B2 though.</p>
<p>Note that uploading big files (bigger than 200 MB by default) will use a 96 MB RAM buffer by default. There can be at most <code>--transfers</code> of these in use at any moment, so this sets the upper limit on the memory used.</p>
<h3id="versions">Versions</h3>
<p>When rclone uploads a new version of a file it creates a <ahref="https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/file_versions.html">new version of it</a>. Likewise when you delete a file, the old version will be marked hidden and still be available. Conversely, you may opt in to a "hard delete" of files with the <code>--b2-hard-delete</code> flag which would permanently remove the file instead of hiding it.</p>
<p>Old versions of files, where available, are visible using the <code>--b2-versions</code> flag.</p>
<p>If you wish to remove all the old versions then you can use the <code>rclone cleanup remote:bucket</code> command which will delete all the old versions of files, leaving the current ones intact. You can also supply a path and only old versions under that path will be deleted, eg <code>rclone cleanup remote:bucket/path/to/stuff</code>.</p>
<p>When you <code>purge</code> a bucket, the current and the old versions will be deleted then the bucket will be deleted.</p>
<p>However <code>delete</code> will cause the current versions of the files to become hidden old versions.</p>
<p>Here is a session showing the listing and and retreival of an old version followed by a <code>cleanup</code> of the old versions.</p>
<p>Show current version and all the versions with <code>--b2-versions</code> flag.</p>
<p>Clean up all the old versions and show that they've gone.</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q cleanup b2:cleanup-test
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt</code></pre>
<h3id="data-usage">Data usage</h3>
<p>It is useful to know how many requests are sent to the server in different scenarios.</p>
<p>All copy commands send the following 4 requests:</p>
<pre><code>/b2api/v1/b2_authorize_account
/b2api/v1/b2_create_bucket
/b2api/v1/b2_list_buckets
/b2api/v1/b2_list_file_names</code></pre>
<p>The <code>b2_list_file_names</code> request will be sent once for every 1k files in the remote path, providing the checksum and modification time of the listed files. As of version 1.33 issue <ahref="https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/818">#818</a> causes extra requests to be sent when using B2 with Crypt. When a copy operation does not require any files to be uploaded, no more requests will be sent.</p>
<p>Uploading files that do not require chunking, will send 2 requests per file upload:</p>
<pre><code>/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_file/</code></pre>
<p>Uploading files requiring chunking, will send 2 requests (one each to start and finish the upload) and another 2 requests for each chunk:</p>
<pre><code>/b2api/v1/b2_start_large_file
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_part_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_part/
/b2api/v1/b2_finish_large_file</code></pre>
<h3id="b2-with-crypt">B2 with crypt</h3>
<p>When using B2 with <code>crypt</code> files are encrypted into a temporary location and streamed from there. This is required to calculate the encrypted file's checksum before beginning the upload. On Windows the %TMPDIR% environment variable is used as the temporary location. If the file requires chunking, both the chunking and encryption will take place in memory.</p>
<h3id="specific-options-2">Specific options</h3>
<p>Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.</p>
<p>When uploading large files chunk the file into this size. Note that these chunks are buffered in memory and there might a maximum of <code>--transfers</code> chunks in progress at once. 5,000,000 Bytes is the minimim size (default 96M).</p>
<p>Cutoff for switching to chunked upload (default 190.735 MiB == 200 MB). Files above this size will be uploaded in chunks of <code>--b2-chunk-size</code>.</p>
<p>This value should be set no larger than 4.657GiB (== 5GB) as this is the largest file size that can be uploaded.</p>
<h4id="b2-test-modeflag">--b2-test-mode=FLAG</h4>
<p>This is for debugging purposes only.</p>
<p>Setting FLAG to one of the strings below will cause b2 to return specific errors for debugging purposes.</p>
<p>These will be set in the <code>X-Bz-Test-Mode</code> header which is documented in the <ahref="https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/integration_checklist.html">b2 integrations checklist</a>.</p>
<h4id="b2-versions">--b2-versions</h4>
<p>When set rclone will show and act on older versions of files. For example</p>
<p>Listing without <code>--b2-versions</code></p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt</code></pre>
<p>And with</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt</code></pre>
<p>Showing that the current version is unchanged but older versions can be seen. These have the UTC date that they were uploaded to the server to the nearest millisecond appended to them.</p>
<p>Note that when using <code>--b2-versions</code> no file write operations are permitted, so you can't upload files or delete them.</p>
<h2id="box">Box</h2>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:path</code></p>
<p>Paths may be as deep as required, eg <code>remote:directory/subdirectory</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for Box involves getting a token from Box which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>Here is an example of how to make a remote called <code>remote</code>. First run:</p>
<pre><code> rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process:</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
6 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
7 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
8 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
9 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
10 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
11 / Local Disk
\ "local"
12 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
13 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
14 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
15 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
16 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> box
Box App Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Box App Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
<p>See the <ahref="https://rclone.org/remote_setup/">remote setup docs</a> for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.</p>
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Box. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.</p>
<p>Once configured you can then use <code>rclone</code> like this,</p>
<p>List directories in top level of your Box</p>
<pre><code>rclone lsd remote:</code></pre>
<p>List all the files in your Box</p>
<pre><code>rclone ls remote:</code></pre>
<p>To copy a local directory to an Box directory called backup</p>
<p>According to the <ahref="https://developer.box.com/v2.0/docs/oauth-20#section-6-using-the-access-and-refresh-tokens">box docs</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Each refresh_token is valid for one use in 60 days.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This means that if you</p>
<ul>
<li>Don't use the box remote for 60 days</li>
<li>Copy the config file with a box refresh token in and use it in two places</li>
<li>Get an error on a token refresh</li>
</ul>
<p>then rclone will return an error which includes the text <code>Invalid refresh token</code>.</p>
<p>To fix this you will need to use oauth2 again to update the refresh token. You can use the methods in <ahref="https://rclone.org/remote_setup/">the remote setup docs</a>, bearing in mind that if you use the copy the config file method, you should not use that remote on the computer you did the authentication on.</p>
<p>Here is how to do it.</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone config
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
remote box
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> e
Choose a number from below, or type in an existing value
<h3id="modified-time-and-hashes">Modified time and hashes</h3>
<p>Box allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1 second. These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or not.</p>
<p>One drive supports SHA1 type hashes, so you can use the <code>--checksum</code> flag.</p>
<h3id="transfers-1">Transfers</h3>
<p>For files above 50MB rclone will use a chunked transfer. Rclone will upload up to <code>--transfers</code> chunks at the same time (shared among all the multipart uploads). Chunks are buffered in memory and are normally 8MB so increasing <code>--transfers</code> will increase memory use.</p>
<h3id="deleting-files-1">Deleting files</h3>
<p>Depending on the enterprise settings for your user, the item will either be actually deleted from Box or moved to the trash.</p>
<h3id="specific-options-3">Specific options</h3>
<p>Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.</p>
<p>Cutoff for switching to chunked upload - must be >= 50MB. The default is 50MB.</p>
<h3id="limitations-2">Limitations</h3>
<p>Note that Box is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".</p>
<p>Box file names can't have the <code>\</code> character in. rclone maps this to and from an identical looking unicode equivalent <code>＼</code>.</p>
<p>Box only supports filenames up to 255 characters in length.</p>
<h2id="crypt">Crypt</h2>
<p>The <code>crypt</code> remote encrypts and decrypts another remote.</p>
<p>To use it first set up the underlying remote following the config instructions for that remote. You can also use a local pathname instead of a remote which will encrypt and decrypt from that directory which might be useful for encrypting onto a USB stick for example.</p>
<p>First check your chosen remote is working - we'll call it <code>remote:path</code> in these docs. Note that anything inside <code>remote:path</code> will be encrypted and anything outside won't. This means that if you are using a bucket based remote (eg S3, B2, swift) then you should probably put the bucket in the remote <code>s3:bucket</code>. If you just use <code>s3:</code> then rclone will make encrypted bucket names too (if using file name encryption) which may or may not be what you want.</p>
<p>Now configure <code>crypt</code> using <code>rclone config</code>. We will call this one <code>secret</code> to differentiate it from the <code>remote</code>.</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> secret
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 5
Remote to encrypt/decrypt.
Normally should contain a ':' and a path, eg "myremote:path/to/dir",
"myremote:bucket" or maybe "myremote:" (not recommended).
remote> remote:path
How to encrypt the filenames.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Don't encrypt the file names. Adds a ".bin" extension only.
\ "off"
2 / Encrypt the filenames see the docs for the details.
\ "standard"
3 / Very simple filename obfuscation.
\ "obfuscate"
filename_encryption> 2
Password or pass phrase for encryption.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Password or pass phrase for salt. Optional but recommended.
Should be different to the previous password.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> g
Password strength in bits.
64 is just about memorable
128 is secure
1024 is the maximum
Bits> 128
Your password is: JAsJvRcgR-_veXNfy_sGmQ
Use this password?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Remote config
--------------------
[secret]
remote = remote:path
filename_encryption = standard
password = *** ENCRYPTED ***
password2 = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y</code></pre>
<p><strong>Important</strong> The password is stored in the config file is lightly obscured so it isn't immediately obvious what it is. It is in no way secure unless you use config file encryption.</p>
<p>A long passphrase is recommended, or you can use a random one. Note that if you reconfigure rclone with the same passwords/passphrases elsewhere it will be compatible - all the secrets used are derived from those two passwords/passphrases.</p>
<p>Note that rclone does not encrypt</p>
<ul>
<li>file length - this can be calcuated within 16 bytes</li>
<li>modification time - used for syncing</li>
</ul>
<h2id="specifying-the-remote">Specifying the remote</h2>
<p>In normal use, make sure the remote has a <code>:</code> in. If you specify the remote without a <code>:</code> then rclone will use a local directory of that name. So if you use a remote of <code>/path/to/secret/files</code> then rclone will encrypt stuff to that directory. If you use a remote of <code>name</code> then rclone will put files in a directory called <code>name</code> in the current directory.</p>
<p>If you specify the remote as <code>remote:path/to/dir</code> then rclone will store encrypted files in <code>path/to/dir</code> on the remote. If you are using file name encryption, then when you save files to <code>secret:subdir/subfile</code> this will store them in the unencrypted path <code>path/to/dir</code> but the <code>subdir/subpath</code> bit will be encrypted.</p>
<p>Note that unless you want encrypted bucket names (which are difficult to manage because you won't know what directory they represent in web interfaces etc), you should probably specify a bucket, eg <code>remote:secretbucket</code> when using bucket based remotes such as S3, Swift, Hubic, B2, GCS.</p>
<h2id="example">Example</h2>
<p>To test I made a little directory of files using "standard" file name encryption.</p>
<pre><code>plaintext/
├── file0.txt
├── file1.txt
└── subdir
├── file2.txt
├── file3.txt
└── subsubdir
└── file4.txt</code></pre>
<p>Copy these to the remote and list them back</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q copy plaintext secret:
$ rclone -q ls secret:
7 file1.txt
6 file0.txt
8 subdir/file2.txt
10 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt
9 subdir/file3.txt</code></pre>
<p>Now see what that looked like when encrypted</p>
<p>Note that this retains the directory structure which means you can do this</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q ls secret:subdir
8 file2.txt
9 file3.txt
10 subsubdir/file4.txt</code></pre>
<p>If don't use file name encryption then the remote will look like this - note the <code>.bin</code> extensions added to prevent the cloud provider attempting to interpret the data.</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q ls remote:path
54 file0.txt.bin
57 subdir/file3.txt.bin
56 subdir/file2.txt.bin
58 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt.bin
55 file1.txt.bin</code></pre>
<h3id="file-name-encryption-modes">File name encryption modes</h3>
<p>Here are some of the features of the file name encryption modes</p>
<p>Off</p>
<ul>
<li>doesn't hide file names or directory structure</li>
<li>allows for longer file names (~246 characters)</li>
<li>can use sub paths and copy single files</li>
</ul>
<p>Standard</p>
<ul>
<li>file names encrypted</li>
<li>file names can't be as long (~156 characters)</li>
<li>can use sub paths and copy single files</li>
<li>directory structure visibile</li>
<li>identical files names will have identical uploaded names</li>
<li>can use shortcuts to shorten the directory recursion</li>
</ul>
<p>Obfuscation</p>
<p>This is a simple "rotate" of the filename, with each file having a rot distance based on the filename. We store the distance at the beginning of the filename. So a file called "hello" may become "53.jgnnq"</p>
<p>This is not a strong encryption of filenames, but it may stop automated scanning tools from picking up on filename patterns. As such it's an intermediate between "off" and "standard". The advantage is that it allows for longer path segment names.</p>
<p>There is a possibility with some unicode based filenames that the obfuscation is weak and may map lower case characters to upper case equivalents. You can not rely on this for strong protection.</p>
<ul>
<li>file names very lightly obfuscated</li>
<li>file names can be longer than standard encryption</li>
<li>can use sub paths and copy single files</li>
<li>directory structure visibile</li>
<li>identical files names will have identical uploaded names</li>
</ul>
<p>Cloud storage systems have various limits on file name length and total path length which you are more likely to hit using "Standard" file name encryption. If you keep your file names to below 156 characters in length then you should be OK on all providers.</p>
<p>There may be an even more secure file name encryption mode in the future which will address the long file name problem.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-and-hashes-1">Modified time and hashes</h3>
<p>Crypt stores modification times using the underlying remote so support depends on that.</p>
<p>Hashes are not stored for crypt. However the data integrity is protected by an extremely strong crypto authenticator.</p>
<p>Note that you should use the <code>rclone cryptcheck</code> command to check the integrity of a crypted remote instead of <code>rclone check</code> which can't check the checksums properly.</p>
<h3id="specific-options-4">Specific options</h3>
<p>Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.</p>
<p>If this flag is set then for each file that the remote is asked to list, it will log (at level INFO) a line stating the decrypted file name and the encrypted file name.</p>
<p>This is so you can work out which encrypted names are which decrypted names just in case you need to do something with the encrypted file names, or for debugging purposes.</p>
<h2id="backing-up-a-crypted-remote">Backing up a crypted remote</h2>
<p>If you wish to backup a crypted remote, it it recommended that you use <code>rclone sync</code> on the encrypted files, and make sure the passwords are the same in the new encrypted remote.</p>
<p>This will have the following advantages</p>
<ul>
<li><code>rclone sync</code> will check the checksums while copying</li>
<li>you can use <code>rclone check</code> between the encrypted remotes</li>
<li>you don't decrypt and encrypt unecessarily</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, let's say you have your original remote at <code>remote:</code> with the encrypted version at <code>eremote:</code> with path <code>remote:crypt</code>. You would then set up the new remote <code>remote2:</code> and then the encrypted version <code>eremote2:</code> with path <code>remote2:crypt</code> using the same passwords as <code>eremote:</code>.</p>
<p>The initial nonce is generated from the operating systems crypto strong random number genrator. The nonce is incremented for each chunk read making sure each nonce is unique for each block written. The chance of a nonce being re-used is miniscule. If you wrote an exabyte of data (10¹⁸ bytes) you would have a probability of approximately 2×10⁻³² of re-using a nonce.</p>
<h4id="chunk">Chunk</h4>
<p>Each chunk will contain 64kB of data, except for the last one which may have less data. The data chunk is in standard NACL secretbox format. Secretbox uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate messages.</p>
<p>Each chunk contains:</p>
<ul>
<li>16 Bytes of Poly1305 authenticator</li>
<li>1 - 65536 bytes XSalsa20 encrypted data</li>
</ul>
<p>64k chunk size was chosen as the best performing chunk size (the authenticator takes too much time below this and the performance drops off due to cache effects above this). Note that these chunks are buffered in memory so they can't be too big.</p>
<p>This uses a 32 byte (256 bit key) key derived from the user password.</p>
<p>1049120 bytes total (a 0.05% overhead). This is the overhead for big files.</p>
<h3id="name-encryption">Name encryption</h3>
<p>File names are encrypted segment by segment - the path is broken up into <code>/</code> separated strings and these are encrypted individually.</p>
<p>File segments are padded using using PKCS#7 to a multiple of 16 bytes before encryption.</p>
<p>They are then encrypted with EME using AES with 256 bit key. EME (ECB-Mix-ECB) is a wide-block encryption mode presented in the 2003 paper "A Parallelizable Enciphering Mode" by Halevi and Rogaway.</p>
<p>This makes for determinstic encryption which is what we want - the same filename must encrypt to the same thing otherwise we can't find it on the cloud storage system.</p>
<p>This means that</p>
<ul>
<li>filenames with the same name will encrypt the same</li>
<li>filenames which start the same won't have a common prefix</li>
</ul>
<p>This uses a 32 byte key (256 bits) and a 16 byte (128 bits) IV both of which are derived from the user password.</p>
<p>After encryption they are written out using a modified version of standard <code>base32</code> encoding as described in RFC4648. The standard encoding is modified in two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>it becomes lower case (no-one likes upper case filenames!)</li>
<li>we strip the padding character <code>=</code></li>
</ul>
<p><code>base32</code> is used rather than the more efficient <code>base64</code> so rclone can be used on case insensitive remotes (eg Windows, Amazon Drive).</p>
<h3id="key-derivation">Key derivation</h3>
<p>Rclone uses <code>scrypt</code> with parameters <code>N=16384, r=8, p=1</code> with a an optional user supplied salt (password2) to derive the 32+32+16 = 80 bytes of key material required. If the user doesn't supply a salt then rclone uses an internal one.</p>
<p><code>scrypt</code> makes it impractical to mount a dictionary attack on rclone encrypted data. For full protection agains this you should always use a salt.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:path</code></p>
<p>Dropbox paths may be as deep as required, eg <code>remote:directory/subdirectory</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for dropbox involves getting a token from Dropbox which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>Here is an example of how to make a remote called <code>remote</code>. First run:</p>
<pre><code> rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process:</p>
<p>Dropbox supports modified times, but the only way to set a modification time is to re-upload the file.</p>
<p>This means that if you uploaded your data with an older version of rclone which didn't support the v2 API and modified times, rclone will decide to upload all your old data to fix the modification times. If you don't want this to happen use <code>--size-only</code> or <code>--checksum</code> flag to stop it.</p>
<p>Dropbox supports <ahref="https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash">its own hash type</a> which is checked for all transfers.</p>
<p>Note that Dropbox is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".</p>
<p>There are some file names such as <code>thumbs.db</code> which Dropbox can't store. There is a full list of them in the <ahref="https://www.dropbox.com/en/help/145">"Ignored Files" section of this document</a>. Rclone will issue an error message <code>File name disallowed - not uploading</code> if it attempt to upload one of those file names, but the sync won't fail.</p>
<p>If you have more than 10,000 files in a directory then <code>rclone purge dropbox:dir</code> will return the error <code>Failed to purge: There are too many files involved in this operation</code>. As a work-around do an <code>rclone delete dropbox:dir</code> followed by an <code>rclone rmdir dropbox:dir</code>.</p>
<p>FTP is the File Transfer Protocol. FTP support is provided using the <ahref="https://godoc.org/github.com/jlaffaye/ftp">github.com/jlaffaye/ftp</a> package.</p>
<p>Here is an example of making an FTP configuration. First run</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process. An FTP remote only needs a host together with and a username and a password. With anonymous FTP server, you will need to use <code>anonymous</code> as username and your email address as the password.</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> ftp
FTP host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Connect to ftp.example.com
\ "ftp.example.com"
host> ftp.example.com
FTP username, leave blank for current username, ncw
user>
FTP port, leave blank to use default (21)
port>
FTP password
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
host = ftp.example.com
user =
port =
pass = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y</code></pre>
<p>This remote is called <code>remote</code> and can now be used like this</p>
<p>FTP does not support modified times. Any times you see on the server will be time of upload.</p>
<h3id="checksums">Checksums</h3>
<p>FTP does not support any checksums.</p>
<h3id="limitations-4">Limitations</h3>
<p>Note that since FTP isn't HTTP based the following flags don't work with it: <code>--dump-headers</code>, <code>--dump-bodies</code>, <code>--dump-auth</code></p>
<p>Note that <code>--timeout</code> isn't supported (but <code>--contimeout</code> is).</p>
<p>Note that <code>--bind</code> isn't supported.</p>
<p>FTP could support server side move but doesn't yet.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:bucket</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:bucket/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for google cloud storage involves getting a token from Google Cloud Storage which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>Here is an example of how to make a remote called <code>remote</code>. First run:</p>
<pre><code> rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process:</p>
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall, or use manual mode.</p>
<p>This remote is called <code>remote</code> and can now be used like this</p>
<p>You can set up rclone with Google Cloud Storage in an unattended mode, i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have actively logged-in users, for example build machines.</p>
<p>To get credentials for Google Cloud Platform <ahref="https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts">IAM Service Accounts</a>, please head to the <ahref="https://console.cloud.google.com/permissions/serviceaccounts">Service Account</a> section of the Google Developer Console. Service Accounts behave just like normal <code>User</code> permissions in <ahref="https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control">Google Cloud Storage ACLs</a>, so you can limit their access (e.g. make them read only). After creating an account, a JSON file containing the Service Account's credentials will be downloaded onto your machines. These credentials are what rclone will use for authentication.</p>
<p>To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path to your Service Account credentials at the <code>service_account_file</code> prompt and rclone won't use the browser based authentication flow.</p>
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<p>Google google cloud storage stores md5sums natively and rclone stores modification times as metadata on the object, under the "mtime" key in RFC3339 format accurate to 1ns.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>drive:path</code></p>
<p>Drive paths may be as deep as required, eg <code>drive:directory/subdirectory</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for drive involves getting a token from Google drive which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>Here is an example of how to make a remote called <code>remote</code>. First run:</p>
<pre><code> rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process:</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 8
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall, or use manual mode.</p>
<p>You can then use it like this,</p>
<p>List directories in top level of your drive</p>
<pre><code>rclone lsd remote:</code></pre>
<p>List all the files in your drive</p>
<pre><code>rclone ls remote:</code></pre>
<p>To copy a local directory to a drive directory called backup</p>
<p>If you want to configure the remote to point to a Google Team Drive then answer <code>y</code> to the question <code>Configure this as a team drive?</code>.</p>
<p>This will fetch the list of Team Drives from google and allow you to configure which one you want to use. You can also type in a team drive ID if you prefer.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<pre><code>Configure this as a team drive?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Fetching team drive list...
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
<p>Google drive stores modification times accurate to 1 ms.</p>
<h3id="revisions">Revisions</h3>
<p>Google drive stores revisions of files. When you upload a change to an existing file to google drive using rclone it will create a new revision of that file.</p>
<p>Revisions follow the standard google policy which at time of writing was</p>
<ul>
<li>They are deleted after 30 days or 100 revisions (whatever comes first).</li>
<li>They do not count towards a user storage quota.</li>
</ul>
<h3id="deleting-files-2">Deleting files</h3>
<p>By default rclone will send all files to the trash when deleting files. If deleting them permanently is required then use the <code>--drive-use-trash=false</code> flag, or set the equivalent environment variable.</p>
<h3id="emptying-trash">Emptying trash</h3>
<p>If you wish to empty your trash you can use the <code>rclone cleanup remote:</code> command which will permanently delete all your trashed files. This command does not take any path arguments.</p>
<h3id="specific-options-6">Specific options</h3>
<p>Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.</p>
<p>Upload chunk size. Must a power of 2 >= 256k. Default value is 8 MB.</p>
<p>Making this larger will improve performance, but note that each chunk is buffered in memory one per transfer.</p>
<p>Reducing this will reduce memory usage but decrease performance.</p>
<h4id="drive-formats">--drive-formats</h4>
<p>Google documents can only be exported from Google drive. When rclone downloads a Google doc it chooses a format to download depending upon this setting.</p>
<p>By default the formats are <code>docx,xlsx,pptx,svg</code> which are a sensible default for an editable document.</p>
<p>When choosing a format, rclone runs down the list provided in order and chooses the first file format the doc can be exported as from the list. If the file can't be exported to a format on the formats list, then rclone will choose a format from the default list.</p>
<p>If you prefer an archive copy then you might use <code>--drive-formats pdf</code>, or if you prefer openoffice/libreoffice formats you might use <code>--drive-formats ods,odt,odp</code>.</p>
<p>Note that rclone adds the extension to the google doc, so if it is calles <code>My Spreadsheet</code> on google docs, it will be exported as <code>My Spreadsheet.xlsx</code> or <code>My Spreadsheet.pdf</code> etc.</p>
<p>Here are the possible extensions with their corresponding mime types.</p>
<p>File size cutoff for switching to chunked upload. Default is 8 MB.</p>
<h4id="drive-use-trash">--drive-use-trash</h4>
<p>Controls whether files are sent to the trash or deleted permanently. Defaults to true, namely sending files to the trash. Use <code>--drive-use-trash=false</code> to delete files permanently instead.</p>
<h3id="limitations-5">Limitations</h3>
<p>Drive has quite a lot of rate limiting. This causes rclone to be limited to transferring about 2 files per second only. Individual files may be transferred much faster at 100s of MBytes/s but lots of small files can take a long time.</p>
<p>Server side copies are also subject to a separate rate limit. If you see User rate limit exceeded errors, wait at least 24 hours and retry. You can disable server side copies with <code>--disable copy</code> to download and upload the files if you prefer.</p>
<h3id="duplicated-files">Duplicated files</h3>
<p>Sometimes, for no reason I've been able to track down, drive will duplicate a file that rclone uploads. Drive unlike all the other remotes can have duplicated files.</p>
<p>Duplicated files cause problems with the syncing and you will see messages in the log about duplicates.</p>
<p>Use <code>rclone dedupe</code> to fix duplicated files.</p>
<p>Note that this isn't just a problem with rclone, even Google Photos on Android duplicates files on drive sometimes.</p>
<h3id="rclone-appears-to-be-re-copying-files-it-shouldnt">Rclone appears to be re-copying files it shouldn't</h3>
<p>There are two possible reasons for rclone to recopy files which haven't changed to Google Drive.</p>
<p>The first is the duplicated file issue above - run <code>rclone dedupe</code> and check your logs for duplicate object or directory messages.</p>
<p>The second is that sometimes Google reports different sizes for the Google Docs exports which will cause rclone to re-download Google Docs for no apparent reason. <code>--ignore-size</code> is a not very satisfactory work-around for this if it is causing you a lot of problems.</p>
<h3id="google-docs-downloads-sometimes-fail-with-failed-to-copy-read-x-bytes-expecting-y">Google docs downloads sometimes fail with "Failed to copy: read X bytes expecting Y"</h3>
<p>This is the same problem as above. Google reports the google doc is one size, but rclone downloads a different size. Work-around with the <code>--ignore-size</code> flag or wait for rclone to retry the download which it will.</p>
<h3id="making-your-own-client_id">Making your own client_id</h3>
<p>When you use rclone with Google drive in its default configuration you are using rclone's client_id. This is shared between all the rclone users. There is a global rate limit on the number of queries per second that each client_id can do set by Google. rclone already has a high quota and I will continue to make sure it is high enough by contacting Google.</p>
<p>However you might find you get better performance making your own client_id if you are a heavy user. Or you may not depending on exactly how Google have been raising rclone's rate limit.</p>
<p>Here is how to create your own Google Drive client ID for rclone:</p>
<olstyle="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>Log into the <ahref="https://console.developers.google.com/">Google API Console</a> with your Google account. It doesn't matter what Google account you use. (It need not be the same account as the Google Drive you want to access)</p></li>
<li><p>Select a project or create a new project.</p></li>
<li><p>Under Overview, Google APIs, Google Apps APIs, click "Drive API", then "Enable".</p></li>
<li><p>Click "Credentials" in the left-side panel (not "Go to credentials", which opens the wizard), then "Create credentials", then "OAuth client ID". It will prompt you to set the OAuth consent screen product name, if you haven't set one already.</p></li>
<li><p>Choose an application type of "other", and click "Create". (the default name is fine)</p></li>
<li><p>It will show you a client ID and client secret. Use these values in rclone config to add a new remote or edit an existing remote.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>(Thanks to <spanclass="citation">@balazer</span> on github for these instructions.)</p>
<h2id="http">HTTP</h2>
<p>The HTTP remote is a read only remote for reading files of a webserver. The webserver should provide file listings which rclone will read and turn into a remote. This has been tested with common webservers such as Apache/Nginx/Caddy and will likely work with file listings from most web servers. (If it doesn't then please file an issue, or send a pull request!)</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:</code> or <code>remote:path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:container</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:container/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for Hubic involves getting a token from Hubic which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Hubic. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.</p>
<p>If you want the directory to be visible in the official <em>Hubic browser</em>, you need to copy your files to the <code>default</code> directory</p>
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-6">Modified time</h3>
<p>The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as <code>X-Object-Meta-Mtime</code> as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.</p>
<p>This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.</p>
<p>Note that Hubic wraps the Swift backend, so most of the properties of are the same.</p>
<h3id="limitations-6">Limitations</h3>
<p>This uses the normal OpenStack Swift mechanism to refresh the Swift API credentials and ignores the expires field returned by the Hubic API.</p>
<p>The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files (Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the MD5SUM for these.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:container</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:container/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example of making a Microsoft Azure Blob Storage configuration. For a remote called <code>remote</code>. First run:</p>
<pre><code> rclone config</code></pre>
<p>This will guide you through an interactive setup process:</p>
<pre><code>No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
6 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
7 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
8 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
9 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
10 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
11 / Local Disk
\ "local"
12 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
\ "azureblob"
13 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
14 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-7">Modified time</h3>
<p>The modified time is stored as metadata on the object with the <code>mtime</code> key. It is stored using RFC3339 Format time with nanosecond precision. The metadata is supplied during directory listings so there is no overhead to using it.</p>
<h3id="hashes">Hashes</h3>
<p>MD5 hashes are stored with blobs. However blobs that were uploaded in chunks only have an MD5 if the source remote was capable of MD5 hashes, eg the local disk.</p>
<p>Rclone supports multipart uploads with Azure Blob storage. Files bigger than 256MB will be uploaded using chunked upload by default.</p>
<p>The files will be uploaded in parallel in 4MB chunks (by default). Note that these chunks are buffered in memory and there may be up to <code>--transfers</code> of them being uploaded at once.</p>
<p>Files can't be split into more than 50,000 chunks so by default, so the largest file that can be uploaded with 4MB chunk size is 195GB. Above this rclone will double the chunk size until it creates less than 50,000 chunks. By default this will mean a maximum file size of 3.2TB can be uploaded. This can be raised to 5TB using <code>--azureblob-chunk-size 100M</code>.</p>
<p>Note that rclone doesn't commit the block list until the end of the upload which means that there is a limit of 9.5TB of multipart uploads in progress as Azure won't allow more than that amount of uncommitted blocks.</p>
<p>Upload chunk size. Default 4MB. Note that this is stored in memory and there may be up to <code>--transfers</code> chunks stored at once in memory. This can be at most 100MB.</p>
<h3id="limitations-7">Limitations</h3>
<p>MD5 sums are only uploaded with chunked files if the source has an MD5 sum. This will always be the case for a local to azure copy.</p>
<p>Paths may be as deep as required, eg <code>remote:directory/subdirectory</code>.</p>
<p>The initial setup for OneDrive involves getting a token from Microsoft which you need to do in your browser. <code>rclone config</code> walks you through it.</p>
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Microsoft. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.</p>
<h3id="onedrive-for-business">OneDrive for Business</h3>
<p>There is additional support for OneDrive for Business. Select "b" when ask</p>
<pre><code>Choose OneDrive account type?
* Say b for a OneDrive business account
* Say p for a personal OneDrive account
b) Business
p) Personal
b/p></code></pre>
<p>After that rclone requires an authentication of your account. The application will first authenticate your account, then query the OneDrive resource URL and do a second (silent) authentication for this resource URL.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-and-hashes-3">Modified time and hashes</h3>
<p>OneDrive allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1 second. These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or not.</p>
<p>One drive supports SHA1 type hashes, so you can use <code>--checksum</code> flag.</p>
<h3id="deleting-files-3">Deleting files</h3>
<p>Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash. Microsoft doesn't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the trash, so you will have to do that with one of Microsoft's apps or via the OneDrive website.</p>
<h3id="specific-options-8">Specific options</h3>
<p>Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.</p>
<p>Cutoff for switching to chunked upload - must be <= 100MB. The default is 10MB.</p>
<h3id="limitations-8">Limitations</h3>
<p>Note that OneDrive is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".</p>
<p>There are quite a few characters that can't be in OneDrive file names. These can't occur on Windows platforms, but on non-Windows platforms they are common. Rclone will map these names to and from an identical looking unicode equivalent. For example if a file has a <code>?</code> in it will be mapped to <code>？</code> instead.</p>
<p>The largest allowed file size is 10GiB (10,737,418,240 bytes).</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:bucket</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:bucket/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<p>rclone supports multipart uploads with QingStor which means that it can upload files bigger than 5GB. Note that files uploaded with multipart upload don't have an MD5SUM.</p>
<h3id="buckets-and-zone">Buckets and Zone</h3>
<p>With QingStor you can list buckets (<code>rclone lsd</code>) using any zone, but you can only access the content of a bucket from the zone it was created in. If you attempt to access a bucket from the wrong zone, you will get an error, <code>incorrect zone, the bucket is not in 'XXX' zone</code>.</p>
<h3id="authentication-1">Authentication</h3>
<p>There are two ways to supply <code>rclone</code> with a set of QingStor credentials. In order of precedence:</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:container</code> (or <code>remote:</code> for the <code>lsd</code> command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg <code>remote:container/path/to/dir</code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example of making a swift configuration. First run</p>
echo "Please enter your OpenStack Password: "
read -sr OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_PASSWORD=$OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_REGION_NAME="SBG1"
if [ -z "$OS_REGION_NAME" ]; then unset OS_REGION_NAME; fi</code></pre>
<p>The config file needs to look something like this where <code>$OS_USERNAME</code> represents the value of the <code>OS_USERNAME</code> variable - <code>123abc567xy</code> in the example above.</p>
<pre><code>[remote]
type = swift
user = $OS_USERNAME
key = $OS_PASSWORD
auth = $OS_AUTH_URL
tenant = $OS_TENANT_NAME</code></pre>
<p>Note that you may (or may not) need to set <code>region</code> too - try without first.</p>
<h3id="configuration-from-the-environment">Configuration from the environment</h3>
<p>If you prefer you can configure rclone to use swift using a standard set of OpenStack environment variables.</p>
<p>When you run through the config, make sure you choose <code>true</code> for <code>env_auth</code> and leave everything else blank.</p>
<p>rclone will then set any empty config parameters from the enviroment using standard OpenStack environment variables. There is <ahref="https://godoc.org/github.com/ncw/swift#Connection.ApplyEnvironment">a list of the variables</a> in the docs for the swift library.</p>
<h4id="using-rclone-without-a-config-file">Using rclone without a config file</h4>
<p>You can use rclone with swift without a config file, if desired, like this:</p>
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<p>Above this size files will be chunked into a _segments container. The default for this is 5GB which is its maximum value.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-8">Modified time</h3>
<p>The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as <code>X-Object-Meta-Mtime</code> as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.</p>
<p>This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.</p>
<h3id="limitations-9">Limitations</h3>
<p>The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files (Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the MD5SUM for these.</p>
<h3id="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</h3>
<h4id="rclone-gives-failed-to-create-file-system-for-remote-bad-request">Rclone gives Failed to create file system for "remote:": Bad Request</h4>
<p>Due to an oddity of the underlying swift library, it gives a "Bad Request" error rather than a more sensible error when the authentication fails for Swift.</p>
<p>So this most likely means your username / password is wrong. You can investigate further with the <code>--dump-bodies</code> flag.</p>
<p>This may also be caused by specifying the region when you shouldn't have (eg OVH).</p>
<h4id="rclone-gives-failed-to-create-file-system-response-didnt-have-storage-storage-url-and-auth-token">Rclone gives Failed to create file system: Response didn't have storage storage url and auth token</h4>
<p>This is most likely caused by forgetting to specify your tenant when setting up a swift remote.</p>
<p>SFTP is the <ahref="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_File_Transfer_Protocol">Secure (or SSH) File Transfer Protocol</a>.</p>
<p>It runs over SSH v2 and is standard with most modern SSH installations.</p>
<p>Paths are specified as <code>remote:path</code>. If the path does not begin with a <code>/</code> it is relative to the home directory of the user. An empty path <code>remote:</code> refers to the users home directory.</p>
<p>Here is an example of making a SFTP configuration. First run</p>
<p>Key files should be unencrypted PEM-encoded private key files. For instance <code>/home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa</code>.</p>
<p>If you don't specify <code>pass</code> or <code>key_file</code> then it will attempt to contact an ssh-agent.</p>
<h3id="ssh-agent-on-macos">ssh-agent on macOS</h3>
<p>Note that there seem to be various problems with using an ssh-agent on macOS due to recent changes in the OS. The most effective work-around seems to be to start an ssh-agent in each session, eg</p>
<p>SFTP supports checksums if the same login has shell access and <code>md5sum</code> or <code>sha1sum</code> as well as <code>echo</code> are in the remote's PATH.</p>
<p>SFTP isn't supported under plan9 until <ahref="https://github.com/pkg/sftp/issues/156">this issue</a> is fixed.</p>
<p>Note that since SFTP isn't HTTP based the following flags don't work with it: <code>--dump-headers</code>, <code>--dump-bodies</code>, <code>--dump-auth</code></p>
<p>Note that <code>--timeout</code> isn't supported (but <code>--contimeout</code> is).</p>
<p>See the <ahref="https://rclone.org/remote_setup/">remote setup docs</a> for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.</p>
<p>Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Yandex Disk. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on <code>http://127.0.0.1:53682/</code> and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.</p>
<p>Once configured you can then use <code>rclone</code> like this,</p>
<p>This remote supports <code>--fast-list</code> which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the <ahref="/docs/#fast-list">rclone docs</a> for more details.</p>
<h3id="modified-time-10">Modified time</h3>
<p>Modified times are supported and are stored accurate to 1 ns in custom metadata called <code>rclone_modified</code> in RFC3339 with nanoseconds format.</p>
<h3id="md5-checksums">MD5 checksums</h3>
<p>MD5 checksums are natively supported by Yandex Disk.</p>
<h3id="emptying-trash-1">Emptying Trash</h3>
<p>If you wish to empty your trash you can use the <code>rclone cleanup remote:</code> command which will permanently delete all your trashed files. This command does not take any path arguments.</p>
<p>Rclone reads and writes the modified time using an accuracy determined by the OS. Typically this is 1ns on Linux, 10 ns on Windows and 1 Second on OS X.</p>
<p>Filenames are expected to be encoded in UTF-8 on disk. This is the normal case for Windows and OS X.</p>
<p>There is a bit more uncertainty in the Linux world, but new distributions will have UTF-8 encoded files names. If you are using an old Linux filesystem with non UTF-8 file names (eg latin1) then you can use the <code>convmv</code> tool to convert the filesystem to UTF-8. This tool is available in most distributions' package managers.</p>
<p>If an invalid (non-UTF8) filename is read, the invalid caracters will be replaced with the unicode replacement character, '<27>'. <code>rclone</code> will emit a debug message in this case (use <code>-v</code> to see), eg</p>
<pre><code>Local file system at .: Replacing invalid UTF-8 characters in "gro\xdf"</code></pre>
<h3id="long-paths-on-windows">Long paths on Windows</h3>
<p>Rclone handles long paths automatically, by converting all paths to long <ahref="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx#maxpath">UNC paths</a> which allows paths up to 32,767 characters.</p>
<p>This is why you will see that your paths, for instance <code>c:\files</code> is converted to the UNC path <code>\\?\c:\files</code> in the output, and <code>\\server\share</code> is converted to <code>\\?\UNC\server\share</code>.</p>
<p>However, in rare cases this may cause problems with buggy file system drivers like <ahref="https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/261">EncFS</a>. To disable UNC conversion globally, add this to your <code>.rclone.conf</code> file:</p>
<pre><code>[local]
nounc = true</code></pre>
<p>If you want to selectively disable UNC, you can add it to a separate entry like this:</p>
<p>This will use UNC paths on <code>c:\src</code> but not on <code>z:\dst</code>. Of course this will cause problems if the absolute path length of a file exceeds 258 characters on z, so only use this option if you have to.</p>
<p>This flag is deprecated now. Rclone no longer normalizes unicode file names, but it compares them with unicode normalization in the sync routine instead.</p>
<p>This tells rclone to stay in the filesystem specified by the root and not to recurse into different file systems.</p>
<p>For example if you have a directory heirachy like this</p>
<pre><code>root
├── disk1 - disk1 mounted on the root
│ └── file3 - stored on disk1
├── disk2 - disk2 mounted on the root
│ └── file4 - stored on disk12
├── file1 - stored on the root disk
└── file2 - stored on the root disk</code></pre>
<p>Using <code>rclone --one-file-system copy root remote:</code> will only copy <code>file1</code> and <code>file2</code>. Eg</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q --one-file-system ls root
0 file1
0 file2</code></pre>
<pre><code>$ rclone -q ls root
0 disk1/file3
0 disk2/file4
0 file1
0 file2</code></pre>
<p><strong>NB</strong> Rclone (like most unix tools such as <code>du</code>, <code>rsync</code> and <code>tar</code>) treats a bind mount to the same device as being on the same filesystem.</p>
<p><strong>NB</strong> This flag is only available on Unix based systems. On systems where it isn't supported (eg Windows) it will not appear as an valid flag.</p>
<li>Oauth support redone - fix many bugs and improve usability
<ul>
<li>Use "golang.org/x/oauth2" as oauth libary of choice</li>
<li>Improve oauth usability for smoother initial signup</li>
<li>drive, googlecloudstorage: optionally use auto config for the oauth token</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Implement --dump-headers and --dump-bodies debug flags</li>
<li>Show multiple matched commands if abbreviation too short</li>
<li>Implement server side move where possible</li>
<li>local</li>
<li>Always use UNC paths internally on Windows - fixes a lot of bugs</li>
<li>dropbox</li>
<li>force use of our custom transport which makes timeouts work</li>
<li>Thanks to Klaus Post for lots of help with this release</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.19 - 2015-08-28
<ul>
<li>New features</li>
<li>Server side copies for s3/swift/drive/dropbox/gcs</li>
<li>Move command - uses server side copies if it can</li>
<li>Implement --retries flag - tries 3 times by default</li>
<li>Build for plan9/amd64 and solaris/amd64 too</li>
<li>Fixes</li>
<li>Make a current version download with a fixed URL for scripting</li>
<li>Ignore rmdir in limited fs rather than throwing error</li>
<li>dropbox</li>
<li>Increase chunk size to improve upload speeds massively</li>
<li>Issue an error message when trying to upload bad file name</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.18 - 2015-08-17
<ul>
<li>drive</li>
<li>Add <code>--drive-use-trash</code> flag so rclone trashes instead of deletes</li>
<li>Add "Forbidden to download" message for files with no downloadURL</li>
<li>dropbox</li>
<li>Remove datastore
<ul>
<li>This was deprecated and it caused a lot of problems</li>
<li>Modification times and MD5SUMs no longer stored</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Fix uploading files > 2GB</li>
<li>s3</li>
<li>use official AWS SDK from github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go</li>
<li><strong>NB</strong> will most likely require you to delete and recreate remote</li>
<li>enable multipart upload which enables files > 5GB</li>
<li>tested with Ceph / RadosGW / S3 emulation</li>
<li>many thanks to Sam Liston and Brian Haymore at the <ahref="https://www.chpc.utah.edu/">Utah Center for High Performance Computing</a> for a Ceph test account</li>
<li>misc</li>
<li>Show errors when reading the config file</li>
<li>Do not print stats in quiet mode - thanks Leonid Shalupov</li>
<li>Add FAQ</li>
<li>Fix created directories not obeying umask</li>
<li>dropbox: fix case insensitivity issues - thanks Leonid Shalupov</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.16 - 2015-06-09
<ul>
<li>Fix uploading big files which was causing timeouts or panics</li>
<li>Don't check md5sum after download with --size-only</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.15 - 2015-06-06
<ul>
<li>Add --checksum flag to only discard transfers by MD5SUM - thanks Alex Couper</li>
<li>Implement --size-only flag to sync on size not checksum & modtime</li>
<li>Expand docs and remove duplicated information</li>
<li>Document rclone's limitations with directories</li>
<li>dropbox: update docs about case insensitivity</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.14 - 2015-05-21
<ul>
<li>local: fix encoding of non utf-8 file names - fixes a duplicate file problem</li>
<li>drive: docs about rate limiting</li>
<li>google cloud storage: Fix compile after API change in "google.golang.org/api/storage/v1"</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.13 - 2015-05-10
<ul>
<li>Revise documentation (especially sync)</li>
<li>Implement --timeout and --conntimeout</li>
<li>s3: ignore etags from multipart uploads which aren't md5sums</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.12 - 2015-03-15
<ul>
<li>drive: Use chunked upload for files above a certain size</li>
<li>drive: add --drive-chunk-size and --drive-upload-cutoff parameters</li>
<li>drive: switch to insert from update when a failed copy deletes the upload</li>
<li>core: Log duplicate files if they are detected</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.11 - 2015-03-04
<ul>
<li>swift: add region parameter</li>
<li>drive: fix crash on failed to update remote mtime</li>
<li>In remote paths, change native directory separators to /</li>
<li>Add synchronization to ls/lsl/lsd output to stop corruptions</li>
<li>Ensure all stats/log messages to go stderr</li>
<li>Add --log-file flag to log everything (including panics) to file</li>
<li>Make it possible to disable stats printing with --stats=0</li>
<li>Implement --bwlimit to limit data transfer bandwidth</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.10 - 2015-02-12
<ul>
<li>s3: list an unlimited number of items</li>
<li>Fix getting stuck in the configurator</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.09 - 2015-02-07
<ul>
<li>windows: Stop drive letters (eg C:) getting mixed up with remotes (eg drive:)</li>
<li>local: Fix directory separators on Windows</li>
<li>drive: fix rate limit exceeded errors</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.08 - 2015-02-04
<ul>
<li>drive: fix subdirectory listing to not list entire drive</li>
<li>drive: Fix SetModTime</li>
<li>dropbox: adapt code to recent library changes</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.07 - 2014-12-23
<ul>
<li>google cloud storage: fix memory leak</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.06 - 2014-12-12
<ul>
<li>Fix "Couldn't find home directory" on OSX</li>
<li>swift: Add tenant parameter</li>
<li>Use new location of Google API packages</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.05 - 2014-08-09
<ul>
<li>Improved tests and consequently lots of minor fixes</li>
<li>core: Fix race detected by go race detector</li>
<li>core: Fixes after running errcheck</li>
<li>drive: reset root directory on Rmdir and Purge</li>
<li>fs: Document that Purger returns error on empty directory, test and fix</li>
<li>google cloud storage: fix ListDir on subdirectory</li>
<li>google cloud storage: re-read metadata in SetModTime</li>
<li>s3: make reading metadata more reliable to work around eventual consistency problems</li>
<li>s3: strip trailing / from ListDir()</li>
<li>swift: return directories without / in ListDir</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.04 - 2014-07-21
<ul>
<li>google cloud storage: Fix crash on Update</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.03 - 2014-07-20
<ul>
<li>swift, s3, dropbox: fix updated files being marked as corrupted</li>
<li>Make compile with go 1.1 again</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.02 - 2014-07-19
<ul>
<li>Implement Dropbox remote</li>
<li>Implement Google Cloud Storage remote</li>
<li>Verify Md5sums and Sizes after copies</li>
<li>Remove times from "ls" command - lists sizes only</li>
<li>Add add "lsl" - lists times and sizes</li>
<li>Add "md5sum" command</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.01 - 2014-07-04
<ul>
<li>drive: fix transfer of big files using up lots of memory</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v1.00 - 2014-07-03
<ul>
<li>drive: fix whole second dates</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.99 - 2014-06-26
<ul>
<li>Fix --dry-run not working</li>
<li>Make compatible with go 1.1</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.98 - 2014-05-30
<ul>
<li>s3: Treat missing Content-Length as 0 for some ceph installations</li>
<li>rclonetest: add file with a space in</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.97 - 2014-05-05
<ul>
<li>Implement copying of single files</li>
<li>s3 & swift: support paths inside containers/buckets</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.96 - 2014-04-24
<ul>
<li>drive: Fix multiple files of same name being created</li>
<li>drive: Use o.Update and fs.Put to optimise transfers</li>
<li>Add version number, -V and --version</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.95 - 2014-03-28
<ul>
<li>rclone.org: website, docs and graphics</li>
<li>drive: fix path parsing</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.94 - 2014-03-27
<ul>
<li>Change remote format one last time</li>
<li>GNU style flags</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.93 - 2014-03-16
<ul>
<li>drive: store token in config file</li>
<li>cross compile other versions</li>
<li>set strict permissions on config file</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.92 - 2014-03-15
<ul>
<li>Config fixes and --config option</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.91 - 2014-03-15
<ul>
<li>Make config file</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.90 - 2013-06-27
<ul>
<li>Project named rclone</li>
</ul></li>
<li>v0.00 - 2012-11-18
<ul>
<li>Project started</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h2id="bugs-and-limitations">Bugs and Limitations</h2>
<h3id="empty-directories-are-left-behind-not-created">Empty directories are left behind / not created</h3>
<p>With remotes that have a concept of directory, eg Local and Drive, empty directories may be left behind, or not created when one was expected.</p>
<p>This is because rclone doesn't have a concept of a directory - it only works on objects. Most of the object storage systems can't actually store a directory so there is nowhere for rclone to store anything about directories.</p>
<p>You can work round this to some extent with the<code>purge</code> command which will delete everything under the path, <strong>inluding</strong> empty directories.</p>
<p>This may be fixed at some point in <ahref="https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/100">Issue #100</a></p>
<p>For the same reason as the above, rclone doesn't have a concept of a directory - it only works on objects, therefore it can't preserve the timestamps of directories.</p>
<h3id="do-all-cloud-storage-systems-support-all-rclone-commands">Do all cloud storage systems support all rclone commands</h3>
<p>Yes they do. All the rclone commands (eg <code>sync</code>, <code>copy</code> etc) will work on all the remote storage systems.</p>
<h3id="can-i-copy-the-config-from-one-machine-to-another">Can I copy the config from one machine to another</h3>
<p>Sure! Rclone stores all of its config in a single file. If you want to find this file, the simplest way is to run <code>rclone -h</code> and look at the help for the <code>--config</code> flag which will tell you where it is.</p>
Server B> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:Backup</code></pre>
<p>The file names you upload from Server A and Server B should be different in this case, otherwise some file systems (eg Drive) may make duplicates.</p>
<h3id="why-doesnt-rclone-support-partial-transfers-binary-diffs-like-rsync">Why doesn't rclone support partial transfers / binary diffs like rsync?</h3>
<p>Rclone stores each file you transfer as a native object on the remote cloud storage system. This means that you can see the files you upload as expected using alternative access methods (eg using the Google Drive web interface). There is a 1:1 mapping between files on your hard disk and objects created in the cloud storage system.</p>
<p>Cloud storage systems (at least none I've come across yet) don't support partially uploading an object. You can't take an existing object, and change some bytes in the middle of it.</p>
<p>It would be possible to make a sync system which stored binary diffs instead of whole objects like rclone does, but that would break the 1:1 mapping of files on your hard disk to objects in the remote cloud storage system.</p>
<p>All the cloud storage systems support partial downloads of content, so it would be possible to make partial downloads work. However to make this work efficiently this would require storing a significant amount of metadata, which breaks the desired 1:1 mapping of files to objects.</p>
<h3id="can-rclone-do-bi-directional-sync">Can rclone do bi-directional sync?</h3>
<p>No, not at present. rclone only does uni-directional sync from A -> B. It may do in the future though since it has all the primitives - it just requires writing the algorithm to do it.</p>
<h3id="can-i-use-rclone-with-an-http-proxy">Can I use rclone with an HTTP proxy?</h3>
<p>Yes. rclone will use the environment variables <code>HTTP_PROXY</code>, <code>HTTPS_PROXY</code> and <code>NO_PROXY</code>, similar to cURL and other programs.</p>
<p><code>HTTPS_PROXY</code> takes precedence over <code>HTTP_PROXY</code> for https requests.</p>
<p>The environment values may be either a complete URL or a "host[:port]", in which case the "http" scheme is assumed.</p>
<p>The <code>NO_PROXY</code> allows you to disable the proxy for specific hosts. Hosts must be comma separated, and can contain domains or parts. For instance "foo.com" also matches "bar.foo.com".</p>
<h3id="rclone-gives-x509-failed-to-load-system-roots-and-no-roots-provided-error">Rclone gives x509: failed to load system roots and no roots provided error</h3>
<p>This means that <code>rclone</code> can't file the SSL root certificates. Likely you are running <code>rclone</code> on a NAS with a cut-down Linux OS, or possibly on Solaris.</p>
<h3id="rclone-gives-failed-to-load-config-file-function-not-implemented-error">Rclone gives Failed to load config file: function not implemented error</h3>
<p>Likely this means that you are running rclone on Linux version not supported by the go runtime, ie earlier than version 2.6.23.</p>
<p>See the <ahref="https://golang.org/doc/install">system requirements section in the go install docs</a> for full details.</p>
<h3id="all-my-uploaded-docxxlsxpptx-files-appear-as-archivezip">All my uploaded docx/xlsx/pptx files appear as archive/zip</h3>
<p>This is caused by uploading these files from a Windows computer which hasn't got the Microsoft Office suite installed. The easiest way to fix is to install the Word viewer and the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 and later versions' file formats</p>
<h3id="tcp-lookup-some.domain.com-no-such-host">tcp lookup some.domain.com no such host</h3>
<p>This happens when rclone cannot resolve a domain. Please check that your DNS setup is generally working, e.g.</p>
<pre><code># both should print a long list of possible IP addresses
dig www.googleapis.com # resolve using your default DNS
dig www.googleapis.com @8.8.8.8 # resolve with Google's DNS server</code></pre>
<p>If you are using <code>systemd-resolved</code> (default on Arch Linux), ensure it is at version 233 or higher. Previous releases contain a bug which causes not all domains to be resolved properly.</p>
